{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:35:48Z","timestamp":1792733748795,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jsesreviewsreportstech.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:37:28Z","timestamp":1740789448000},"page":"170-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serratus anterior palsy secondary to long thoracic nerve dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0476-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Sanchez-Urgelles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Diez S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3199-3247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin","family":"Sanchez-Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib1","first-page":"993","article-title":"Long thoracic nerve: anatomy and functional assessment","volume":"87","author":"Bertelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.04.033","article-title":"The nerves around the shoulder","volume":"82","author":"Blum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.10.006","article-title":"Bilateral scapulothoracic arthrodesis for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: function, fusion, and respiratory consequences","volume":"29","author":"Boileau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.12.014","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive analysis of pectoralis major transfer for long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"24","author":"Chalmers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib5","first-page":"134","article-title":"Split pectoralis major transfer for serratus anterior palsy","author":"Connor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2017.05.015","article-title":"Pectoralis major muscle transfer with the sternal head and hamstring autograft for scapular winging","volume":"6","author":"Cusano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthrosc Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270061601","article-title":"Serratus anterior muscle activity during selected rehabilitation exercises","volume":"27","author":"Decker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.08.008","article-title":"Anatomy, etiology, and management of scapular winging","volume":"44","author":"Didesch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12694","article-title":"Correction of scapular winging by supraclavicular neurolysis of the long thoracic nerve","volume":"17","author":"Disa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90047-7","article-title":"The shoulder complex in elevation of the arm: a mechanism approach","volume":"11","author":"Dvir","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(98)90194-X","article-title":"Vulnerability of long thoracic nerve: an anatomic study","volume":"7","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.11.016","article-title":"Pectoralis major transfer for the management of scapula winging secondary to serratus anterior injury or paralysis","volume":"39","author":"Elhassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.05.001","article-title":"Shoulder tendon transfer options for adult patients with brachial plexus injury","volume":"35","author":"Elhassan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib14","series-title":"Rockwood and Matsen\u2019s The Shoulder","first-page":"779","article-title":"Nerve problems related to the shoulder","author":"Elhassan","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.08.022","article-title":"Outcome of transfer of the sternal head of the pectoralis major with its bone insertion to the scapula to manage scapular winging","volume":"24","author":"Elhassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B7.BJJ-2017-1438.R1","article-title":"Long-term results of scapulothoracic arthrodesis with multiple cable method for facioscapulohumeral dystrophy: do the results deteriorate over time?","volume":"100-B","author":"Er\u015fen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10068","article-title":"The natural history of long thoracic and spinal accessory neuropathies","volume":"25","author":"Friedenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-007-0086-2","article-title":"Surgical treatment of winged scapula","volume":"466","author":"Galano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.09.009","article-title":"Treatment of neurogenic scapular winging: a systematic review on outcomes after nonsurgical management and tendon transfer surgery","volume":"32","author":"Geurkink","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.08.009","article-title":"Scapulothoracic fusion: outcomes and complications","volume":"23","author":"Goel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961080-00014","article-title":"Traumatic winging of the scapula","volume":"61","author":"Gozna","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961060-00004","article-title":"Serratus anterior paralysis in the young athlete","volume":"61","author":"Gregg","year":"1979","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.02.009","article-title":"A\u00a0cadaveric study of the serratus anterior muscle and the long thoracic nerve","volume":"17","author":"Hamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(00)90007-7","article-title":"Cause of long thoracic nerve palsy: a possible dynamic fascial sling cause","volume":"9","author":"Hester","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.69B1.3029135","article-title":"Treatment of winged scapula by pectoralis major transfer","volume":"69","author":"Iceton","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.09.008","article-title":"Scapulothoracic fusion for painful winging of the scapula in nondystrophic patients","volume":"14","author":"Jeon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib27","series-title":"Rockwood and matsen\u2019s the shoulder","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Gross anatomy of the shoulder","author":"Jobe","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.1.31","article-title":"Iatrogenic serratus anterior paralysis. Long-term outcome in 26 patients","volume":"109","author":"Kauppila","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.02.026","article-title":"Is pushing the wall, the best known method for scapular winging, really the best? A comparative analysis of various methods in neuromuscular disorders","volume":"351","author":"Khadilkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2023.12.001","article-title":"Serratus anterior palsy as a masquerader: utilizing novel digital dynamic radiography for diagnosis and treatment response","volume":"8","author":"Khawaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000156659.11078.80","article-title":"Scapulothoracic arthrodesis: indications, technique, and results","volume":"435","author":"Krishnan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199511000-00002","article-title":"Scapular winging","volume":"3","author":"Kuhn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2020.09.016","article-title":"Scapula alata: diagnosis and treatment by nerve surgery and tendon transfers","volume":"41","author":"Lafosse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.main.2011.02.003","article-title":"Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle successfully treated by surgical release of the distal portion of the long thoracic nerve","volume":"30","author":"Laulan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chir Main"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2016.12.012","article-title":"Long-term results of letournel scapulothoracic fusion in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: a retrospective study of eight cases","volume":"103","author":"Le Hanneur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2014.03.004","article-title":"Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle: surgical release of the distal segment of the long thoracic nerve in 52 patients","volume":"100","author":"Le Nail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.O.00727","article-title":"Scapular winging: evaluation and treatment: AAOS exhibit selection","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.21.00398","article-title":"Muscle tendon transfers around the shoulder: diagnosis, treatment, surgical techniques, and outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.04.015","article-title":"Indirect transfer of the sternal head of the pectoralis major with autogenous semitendinosus augmentation to treat scapular winging secondary to long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2000.106081","article-title":"Medial and lateral pectoral nerve injury resulting in recurrent scapular winging after pectoralis major transfer: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Litts","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseint.2022.05.002","article-title":"Serratus anterior dysfunction examination: wall push-up or shoulder flexion resistance test?","volume":"6","author":"Lohre","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSES Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib42","article-title":"Intercostal nerve to long thoracic nerve transfer for the treatment of winged scapula: a cadaveric feasibility study","volume":"9","author":"Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503258911","article-title":"Relative balance of serratus anterior and upper trapezius muscle activity during push-up exercises","volume":"32","author":"Ludewig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2013.07.010","article-title":"Long thoracic nerve release for scapular winging: clinical study of a continuous series of eight patients","volume":"99","author":"Maire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2017.06.020","article-title":"\u201cIsolated long thoracic nerve palsy\u201d: more than meets the eye","volume":"70","author":"Maldonado","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90266-0","article-title":"Scapula winger\u2019s brace: a case series on the management of long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"79","author":"Marin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196345010-00014","article-title":"Paralysis of the serratus anterior due to electric shock relieved by transplantation of the pectoralis major muscle. A case report","volume":"45","author":"Marmor","year":"1963","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-007-9000-5","article-title":"Scapular winging: anatomical review, diagnosis, and treatments","volume":"1","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000206","article-title":"EMG analysis of the scapular muscles during a shoulder rehabilitation program","volume":"20","author":"Moseley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-012-0984-1","article-title":"An anatomic study of structure and innervation of the serratus anterior muscle","volume":"34","author":"Nasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-8-25","article-title":"Microneurolysis and decompression of long thoracic nerve injury are effective in reversing scapular winging: long-term results in 50 cases","volume":"8","author":"Nath","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib52","first-page":"4","article-title":"Rapid recovery of serratus anterior muscle function after microneurolysis of long thoracic nerve injury","volume":"2","author":"Nath","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib53","article-title":"Meta-analysis of long thoracic nerve decompression and neurolysis versus muscle and tendon transfer operative treatments of winging scapula","volume":"5","author":"Nath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib54","article-title":"Neurolysis of the long thoracic nerve for scapular winging due to isolated serratus anterior palsy: early and midterm results in 29 patients","volume":"16","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Microsurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2021.02.012","article-title":"Scapular winging secondary to serratus anterior dysfunction: analysis of clinical presentations and etiology in a consecutive series of 96 patients","volume":"30","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.124525","article-title":"Results of pectoralis major transfer with fascia lata autograft augmentation for scapula winging","volume":"11","author":"Noerdlinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717733306","article-title":"Surgical and clinical decision making in isolated long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"13","author":"Noland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03372-0","article-title":"Surgical treatment of a long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"73","author":"Novak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199903000-00010","article-title":"Results of transfer of the pectoralis major tendon to treat paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle","volume":"81","author":"Perlmutter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2723-7","article-title":"The natural course of serratus palsy at 2 to 31 years","volume":"471","author":"Pikkarainen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(00)90015-6","article-title":"Dynamic stabilization of winging scapula by direct split pectoralis major transfer: a technical note","volume":"9","author":"Povacz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib62","first-page":"858","article-title":"Two-level motor nerve transfer for the treatment of long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"115","author":"Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.10.015","article-title":"Long-term results of scapulothoracic arthrodesis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy","volume":"15","author":"Rhee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.02.039","article-title":"Neurolysis of the distal segment of the long thoracic nerve for the treatment of scapular winging due to serratus anterior palsy: a continuous series of 73 cases","volume":"31","author":"Roulet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib65","series-title":"Mayo Clinic principles of shoulder surgery","first-page":"285","article-title":"The scapula","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Sotelo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3113\/JSOA.2013.0219","article-title":"Supraclavicular long thoracic nerve decompression for traumatic scapular winging","volume":"22","author":"Schippert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Surg Orthop Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000002673","article-title":"Which components of the simple shoulder test show improvement after scapulothoracic fusion for recalcitrant scapular winging? Clinical results at a minimum of 5 years of follow-up","volume":"481","author":"Sharareh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbo.2014.09.003","article-title":"Syndrome of fascial incarceration of the long thoracic nerve: winged scapula","volume":"50","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(03)00174-5","article-title":"Pectoralis major transfer for serratus anterior paralysis","volume":"12","author":"Steinmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.03.025","article-title":"Pectoralis major tendon transfer for the treatment of scapular winging due to long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"21","author":"Streit","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.08.003","article-title":"Direct pectoralis major muscle transfer for dynamic stabilization of scapular winging","volume":"17","author":"Tauber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.10046","article-title":"Neurophysiologic and clinical outcome following medial pectoral to long thoracic nerve transfer for scapular winging: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Tomaino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.08.005","article-title":"Nerve transfer to serratus anterior muscle using the thoracodorsal nerve for winged scapula in C5 and C6 brachial plexus root avulsions","volume":"34","author":"Uerpairojkit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(09)80082-7","article-title":"Etiologic factors in isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle: a report of 197 cases","volume":"2","author":"Vastam\u00e4ki","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4310-1","article-title":"Scapular bracing is effective in some patients but symptoms persist in many despite bracing","volume":"473","author":"Vastam\u00e4ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199804000-00017","article-title":"Serratus anterior dysfunction. Recognition and treatment","author":"Warner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/75.3.194","article-title":"Physical therapy management of isolated serratus anterior muscle paralysis","volume":"75","author":"Watson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib78","first-page":"17","article-title":"Long thoracic nerve injury","author":"Wiater","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2022.11.006","article-title":"Long thoracic nerve palsy: when is decompression indicated","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Glob Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.05.024","article-title":"Long thoracic nerve neurotization for restoration of shoulder function in C5-7 brachial plexus preganglionic injuries: case report","volume":"35","author":"Yamada","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20794","article-title":"The long thoracic nerve: its origin, branches, and relationship to the middle scalene muscle","volume":"22","author":"Yazar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Anat"}],"container-title":["JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666639125000343?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666639125000343?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T03:07:09Z","timestamp":1745032029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666639125000343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666639125000343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6391","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Serratus anterior palsy secondary to long thoracic nerve dysfunction","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.01.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}