{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T09:54:47Z","timestamp":1785059687972,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jsesreviewsreportstech.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T23:31:45Z","timestamp":1756510305000},"page":"751-759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of a forearm-strengthening program on medial elbow gapping in collegiate baseball pitchers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ryan D.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres R.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7255-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabil","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nareena","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Cherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3639-880X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank G.","family":"Alberta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1250-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Boergers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336721","article-title":"Correlation of throwing mechanics with elbow valgus load in adult baseball pitchers","volume":"37","author":"Aguinaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310030201","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of a new ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction technique with interference screw fixation","volume":"31","author":"Ahmad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"41","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270132","article-title":"Validity and reliability of handgrip dynamometry in older adults: a comparison of two widely used dynamometers","volume":"17","author":"Benton","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.34.3.371","article-title":"Reliability and precision of stress sonography of the ulnar collateral ligament","volume":"34","author":"Bica","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1144-z","article-title":"Computing muscle, ligament, and osseous contributions to the elbow varus moment during baseball pitching","volume":"43","author":"Buffi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199708000-00015","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow","volume":"79","author":"Callaway","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.06.027","article-title":"The ulnar collateral ligament responds to stress in professional pitchers","volume":"30","author":"Chalmers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513516592","article-title":"Stress sonography of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow in professional baseball pitchers: a 10-year study","volume":"42","author":"Ciccotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520947065","article-title":"Medial elbow instability resulting from partial tears of the ulnar collateral ligament: stress ultrasound in a cadaveric model","volume":"48","author":"Ciccotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514542805","article-title":"Stress ultrasound evaluation of medial elbow instability in a cadaveric model","volume":"42","author":"Ciccotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib12","series-title":"Elbow ulnar collateral ligament injury","first-page":"113","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging of ulnar collateral ligament injury [internet]","author":"Ciccotti","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515580792","article-title":"Prevalence of ulnar collateral ligament surgery in professional baseball players","volume":"43","author":"Conte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300220","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the flexor pronator muscle group in relation to the medial collateral ligament of the elbow","volume":"23","author":"Davidson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.18.2.402","article-title":"Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics","volume":"18","author":"Dillman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260031301","article-title":"Medial elbow joint laxity in professional baseball pitchers. A bilateral comparison using stress radiography","volume":"26","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515580304","article-title":"Trends in medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in the United States: a retrospective review of a large private-payer database from 2007 to 2011","volume":"43","author":"Erickson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517730052","article-title":"Biomechanical comparisons among fastball, slider, curveball, and changeup pitch types and between balls and strikes in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"45","author":"Escamilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116679816","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of weighted-ball exercises for baseball pitchers","volume":"9","author":"Fleisig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505280431","article-title":"Kinetic comparison among the fastball, curveball, change-up, and slider in collegiate baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"Fleisig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2007.12.003","article-title":"Chronic medial elbow instability","volume":"39","author":"Grace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.11.005","article-title":"Changes in medial elbow elasticity and joint space gapping during maximal gripping: reliability and validity in evaluation of the medial elbow joint using ultrasound elastography","volume":"29","author":"Hattori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.10.031","article-title":"The effect of repetitive baseball pitching on medial elbow joint space gapping associated with 2 elbow valgus stressors in high school baseball players","volume":"27","author":"Hattori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211002507","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament laxity after repetitive pitching: associated factors in high school baseball pitchers","volume":"49","author":"Hattori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117702361","article-title":"The effects of elbow bracing on medial elbow joint space gapping associated with repetitive throwing in high school baseball players","volume":"5","author":"Hattori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib26","first-page":"298","article-title":"Effect of grip strength and grip strengthening exercises on instantaneous bat velocity of collegiate baseball players","volume":"18","author":"Hughes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244897","article-title":"Maximizing muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review of advanced resistance training techniques and methods","volume":"16","author":"Krzysztofik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260031401","article-title":"Elbow valgus stress radiography in an uninjured population","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.03.024","article-title":"Muscle contribution to elbow joint valgus stability","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa206","article-title":"Reliability and validity of physical tools and measurement methods to quantify hand swelling: a systematic review","volume":"101","author":"Llanos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.02.036","article-title":"Disproportionate trends in ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: projections through 2025 and a literature review","volume":"25","author":"Mahure","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671231221523","article-title":"Optimal limb position for the stress ultrasound evaluation of elbow valgus laxity in baseball players","volume":"12","author":"Michinobu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100506","article-title":"Articular and ligamentous contributions to the stability of the elbow joint","volume":"11","author":"Morrey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2271020288","article-title":"Dynamic US of the anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow in asymptomatic major league baseball pitchers","volume":"227","author":"Nazarian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505284188","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200410000-00020","article-title":"Dynamic contributions of the flexor-pronator mass to elbow valgus stability","volume":"86","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.12.005","article-title":"Valgus stress ultrasound for medial ulnar collateral ligament injuries in athletes: is ultrasound alone enough for diagnosis?","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518755149","article-title":"Medial elbow joint space increases with valgus stress and decreases when cued to perform a maximal grip contraction","volume":"46","author":"Pexa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.191.1.8134574","article-title":"Stress radiography of the medial elbow ligaments","volume":"191","author":"Rijke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015151256","article-title":"Potential utility of a combined approach with US and MR arthrography to image medial elbow pain in baseball players","volume":"279","author":"Roedl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.03.009","article-title":"Does proximal versus distal injury location of the medial ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow differentially impact elbow stability? An ultrasound-guided and robot-assisted biomechanical study","volume":"31","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.07.001","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow","volume":"21","author":"Safran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200204000-00003","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of the ulnar collateral ligament and medial elbow laxity in college baseball players","volume":"84","author":"Sasaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.03.012","article-title":"Preseason shoulder range of motion screening as a predictor of injury among youth and adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"24","author":"Shanley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118788847","article-title":"Using stress ultrasonography to understand the risk of UCL injury among professional baseball pitchers based on ligament morphology and dynamic abnormalities","volume":"6","author":"Shanley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09793-0","article-title":"The role of ultrasound in the evaluation of elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwing athletes","volume":"15","author":"Sutterer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib47","first-page":"432","article-title":"Effect of 12 weeks of wrist and forearm training on high school baseball players","volume":"18","author":"Szymanski","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.698592","article-title":"Establishing the role of elbow muscles by evaluating muscle activation and co-contraction levels at maximal external rotation in fastball pitching","volume":"3","author":"van Trigt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib49","first-page":"189","article-title":"The ulnar collateral ligament response to valgus stress, repetitive pitching, and elbow muscle contraction in asymptomatic baseball pitchers","volume":"4","author":"van Trigt","year":"2024","journal-title":"JSES Rev Rep Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.17.6.274","article-title":"Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching","volume":"17","author":"Werner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514538391","article-title":"Deficits in glenohumeral passive range of motion increase risk of elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers: a prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Wilk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211045981","article-title":"Changes in medial elbow joint space when elbow valgus stress is applied at different limb positions and loads in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666639125001683?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666639125001683?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T20:37:09Z","timestamp":1784320629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666639125001683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666639125001683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6391","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effect of a forearm-strengthening program on medial elbow gapping in collegiate baseball pitchers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xrrt.2025.08.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}