{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:01:54Z","timestamp":1790816514804,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jsesreviewsreportstech.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:58:33Z","timestamp":1788566313000},"page":"100877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Corticosteroid dose reporting in atraumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1346-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Ciavarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Elmaraghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Osteonecrosis in the humeral head: an overlooked complication","volume":"15","author":"Akarsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Phys Med Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Osteonecrosis: the perils of steroids. A review of the literature and case report","volume":"01","author":"Brooker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.50834","article-title":"Bilateral femur and humerus avascular necrosis associated with corticosteroids: a rare case presentation","author":"\u00c7avu\u015f","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.03.009","article-title":"Hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the humeral head","volume":"17","author":"Feeley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92870-4","article-title":"Across-study evaluation of association between steroid dose and bolus steroids and avascular necrosis of bone","volume":"329","author":"Felson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4169-z","article-title":"Surgical management of osteonecrosis of the humeral head: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Franceschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-1094-1","article-title":"The natural progression of shoulder osteonecrosis related to corticosteroid treatment","volume":"468","author":"Hernigou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12788","article-title":"Shoulder osteonecrosis: pathogenesis, causes, clinical evaluation, imaging, and classification","volume":"12","author":"Hernigou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib9","first-page":"8","article-title":"Steroid-induced avascular necrosis in patients with demyelinating diseases: a single-center experience","volume":"5","author":"Karaman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mult Scler Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810000-00027","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the humeral head treated by core decompression","volume":"355","author":"LaPorte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisako.2022.11.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of avascular necrosis of the humeral head: current concepts","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J ISAKOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(96)80066-8","article-title":"Humeral head osteonecrosis: clinical course and radiographic predictors of outcome","volume":"5","author":"L\u2019Insalata","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02187.x","article-title":"Avascular osteonecrosis after treatment of SARS: a 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"14","author":"Lv","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.06.019","article-title":"Shoulder arthroplasty for atraumatic avascular necrosis of the humeral head: nineteen shoulders followed up for a mean of seven years","volume":"14","author":"Mansat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.06.007","article-title":"Steroid induced osteonecrosis: an analysis of steroid dosing risk","volume":"9","author":"Powell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2014.916490","article-title":"Corticosteroid administration within 2 weeks after renal transplantation affects the incidence of femoral head osteonecrosis","volume":"85","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670810016641","article-title":"Degree of corticosteroid treatment within the first 2 months of renal transplantation has a strong influence on the incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"79","author":"Shibatani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.01.149","article-title":"Shoulder hemiarthroplasty for steroid-associated osteonecrosis","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib19","first-page":"89","article-title":"Short period corticosteroid therapy related multifocal osteonecrosis: a case report","volume":"1","author":"Soy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Res Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib21","first-page":"567","article-title":"Steroid-induced osteonecrosis: a review","volume":"24","author":"Cruess","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib22","article-title":"Sequential, multifocal, and delayed avascular necrosis of all four major joints from hips to shoulders following corticosteroid therapy","volume":"17","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196010062631404","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the femoral and humeral heads after high-dosage corticosteroid therapy","volume":"263","author":"Heimann","year":"1960","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib24","article-title":"P007 quadruple avascular necrosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis\u2014a post-COVID steroid dilemma","volume":"9","author":"Nikolovska-Kotevska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatol Adv Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/mrcr\/rxac037","article-title":"Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the humeral head in a 20-year-old man treated with an osteochondral autograft: a case report","volume":"7","author":"Hotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.08.033","article-title":"Osteochondral autograft transplantation for the treatment of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the humeral head: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3957-0","article-title":"The staged management of gleno-humeral joint osteonecrosis in patients with haematological-induced disease\u2014a cohort review","volume":"42","author":"Colegate-Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.01.022","article-title":"Core decompression and arthroplasty outcomes for atraumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head","volume":"25","author":"Kennon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5604\/15093492.1205026","article-title":"Bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral and humeral heads after short-term corticosteroid therapy: a case study","volume":"18","author":"El Gamal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ortop Traumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2015.10.034","article-title":"Focal anatomic resurfacing implantation for bilateral humeral and femoral heads' avascular necrosis in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma and literature review","volume":"17","author":"Bilge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-012-2243-7","article-title":"Cortison-induzierte Humeruskopfnekrose bei akuter myeloischer Leuk\u00e4mie: knorpelerhaltende arthroskopisch unterst\u00fctzte Spongiosaplastik","volume":"116","author":"Heid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-011-0922-8","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the humeral head","volume":"94","author":"Kadono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20101123-21","article-title":"Thorough debridement of the humeral head for osteonecrosis","volume":"34","author":"Brannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib34","first-page":"6","article-title":"Atraumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head","volume":"67","author":"Gruson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2000.105126","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the humeral head: results of replacement","volume":"9","author":"Hattrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib36","first-page":"1766","article-title":"Atraumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head","volume":"27","author":"Mont","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199304000-00018","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the humeral head in sickle cell disease","volume":"289","author":"Milner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib38","first-page":"549","article-title":"Osteonecrosis of the femoral and humeral heads after intraarticular corticosteroid injections","volume":"17","author":"Laroche","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1997.1262940.x","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of bone after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: analysis of risk factors for 4388 patients by the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Greffe de Mo\u00eblle (SFGM)","volume":"97","author":"Soci\u00e9","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.2500\/108854187778994392","article-title":"Osteonecrosis as a complication of steroid-dependent asthma: a case report and review","volume":"8","author":"Kalliel","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl Reg Allergy Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19810901)48:5<1245::AID-CNCR2820480532>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Osteonecrosis in patients with malignant lymphoma: a review of twenty-five cases","volume":"48","author":"Engel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib42","first-page":"283","article-title":"Case of steroid-induced necrosis of the femur head and humerus","volume":"44","author":"Zasacki","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677408989140","article-title":"Osteonecrosis in three young men previously treated with steroid for aplastic anaemia","volume":"45","author":"Dyreborg","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib44","article-title":"Extensive osteonecrosis after glucocorticoids: clinical response to bisphosphonate","volume":"1","author":"Subbu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCEM Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.58B3.956247","article-title":"Steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the head of the humerus: natural history and management","volume":"58","author":"Cruess","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib46","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Clinical research of correlation between osteonecrosis and steroid","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2025.v15.i11.6340","article-title":"Multisite osteonecrosis to long-term corticoid treatment: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Nair","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Orthop Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib48","first-page":"71","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy and aseptic bone necrosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Tsurko","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ter Arkh"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.13107\/jocr.2026.v16.i04.7070","article-title":"Multifocal osteonecrosis in the hips and shoulders bilaterally after severe COVID-19 infection misdiagnosed as fibromyalgia: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Sheldon","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Orthop Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib50","first-page":"277","article-title":"Atraumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head: pathophysiology and current concepts of evaluation and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Castillo Mercado","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSES Rev Rep Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-eular.2965","article-title":"SAT0623 the role of rehabilitation in avascular necrosis of the humeral head\u2014randomized study","volume":"75","author":"Traistaru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143081","article-title":"Clinical and radiological results of hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty for primary avascular necrosis of the humeral head in patients less than 60 years old","volume":"10","author":"Herv\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.17.1.5418","article-title":"Multifocal osteonecrosis glucocorticoid induced","volume":"68","author":"Patrascu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Chim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib54","article-title":"Humeral head hemiarthroplasty for patients with avascular necrosis following a solid organ transplant: a report of three shoulders","volume":"3","author":"Iyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.5397\/cise.2025.01347","article-title":"Total shoulder arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for humeral head avascular necrosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Awad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Shoulder Elb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1963.03860040190019","article-title":"Aseptic bone necrosis and corticosteroid therapy","volume":"112","author":"Sutton","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2025.05.110","article-title":"Associated risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options for multifocal osteonecrosis: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Sequeira","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0179-6","article-title":"Extent of osteonecrosis on MRI predicts humeral head collapse","volume":"466","author":"Sakai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"}],"container-title":["JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666639126002154?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666639126002154?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:15:55Z","timestamp":1790813755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666639126002154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666639126002154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6391"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6391","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Corticosteroid dose reporting in atraumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head: a scoping review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xrrt.2026.100877","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100877"}}