{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:59:26Z","timestamp":1777683566764,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"UK Research and Innovation Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/R009783\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R009783\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T09:59:05Z","timestamp":1739181545000},"page":"108-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The three-dimensional structure of medullary bone: Novel criteria for the identification of avian sex-specific bone tissue"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"521","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7638-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abi H.","family":"Crane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9835-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia J.","family":"Baldry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8458-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6859-5897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire E.","family":"Clarkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6827-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil J.","family":"Gostling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237042","article-title":"Differing trabecular bone architecture in dinosaurs and mammals contribute to stiffness and limits on bone strain","volume":"15","author":"Aguirre","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib2","series-title":"Methodological Focus B: Basic Aspects of 3D Histomorphometry","author":"Amson","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(63)80051-9","article-title":"On the bone induced by estrogens in birds","volume":"8","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Ultra. Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.010","article-title":"Orientation of collagen at the osteocyte lacunae in human secondary osteons","volume":"41","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2015.05.005","article-title":"Osteocyte lacunar properties in rat cortical bone: differences between lamellar and central bone","volume":"191","author":"Bach-Gansmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09259-x","article-title":"An Early Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves) preserving an unlaid egg and probable medullary bone","volume":"10","author":"Bailleul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1637\/9138-111209-Reg.1","article-title":"Forensic investigation of a 1986 outbreak of osteopetrosis in commercial brown layers reveals a novel avian leukosis virus\u2013related genome","volume":"54","author":"Barbosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(61)80011-8","article-title":"Pathological and biochemical observations on virus-induced osteopetrosis gallinarum","volume":"71","author":"Bell","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00218592","article-title":"Histochemical and electron microscope investigations on medullary bone","volume":"163","author":"Bonucci","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0221-8747(78)90008-5","article-title":"A morphological study of an avian bone disorder caused by myetosis-associated virus","volume":"1","author":"Boyde","year":"1978","journal-title":"Metab. Bone Dis. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"Spec Iss","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib11","first-page":"315","article-title":"Ancient avian osteopetrosis: the current state of knowledge","volume":"45","author":"Brothwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Zoologica Cracoviansia"},{"issue":"6954","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01871","article-title":"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis","volume":"425","author":"Bunce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1793","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0133","article-title":"Identifying medullary bone in extinct avemetatarsalians: challenges, implications and perspectives","volume":"375","author":"Canoville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-019-1402-7","article-title":"Systemic distribution of medullary bone in the avian skeleton: ground truthing criteria for the identification of reproductive tissues in extinct Avemetatarsalia","volume":"19","author":"Canoville","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13388","article-title":"Keratan sulfate as a marker for medullary bone in fossil vertebrates","volume":"238","author":"Canoville","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib16","series-title":"Paper Presented at the 5th International Paleontological Congress","article-title":"New data on the skeletal distribution, microstructure, and chemistry of medullary bone in Neornithes\u2013paleobiological implications","author":"Canoville","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22954","article-title":"Unusual endosteally formed bone tissue in a Patagonian basal sauropodomorph dinosaur","volume":"297","author":"Cerda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib18","first-page":"11","article-title":"Evidence for gender-specific reproductive tissue in a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic of Argentina","volume":"50","author":"Cerda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ameghiniana"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.08.047","article-title":"The application of micro-CT in egg-laying hen bone analysis: introducing an automated bone separation algorithm","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"6663","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/34356","article-title":"An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China","volume":"391","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20991","article-title":"Pathologic bone tissues in a Turkey vulture and a nonavian dinosaur: implications for interpreting endosteal bone and radial fibrolamellar bone in fossil dinosaurs","volume":"292","author":"Chinsamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat. Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa013","article-title":"Bone histology yields insights into the biology of the extinct elephant birds (Aepyornithidae) from Madagascar","volume":"130","author":"Chinsamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24858","article-title":"Vascularised endosteal bone tissue in armoured sauropod dinosaurs","volume":"6","author":"Chinsamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2377","article-title":"Gender identification of the Mesozoic bird Confuciusornis sanctus","volume":"4","author":"Chinsamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20990","article-title":"Palaeobiological implications of the bone histology of Pterodaustro guinazui","volume":"292","author":"Chinsamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib26","series-title":"The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone","author":"Chinsamy-Turan","year":"2005"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25069","article-title":"Chronic fracture and osteomyelitis in a large\u2010bodied ornithomimosaur with implications for the identification of unusual endosteal bone in the fossil record","volume":"306","author":"Chinzorig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2010.03.002","article-title":"Mechanical properties and adaptations of some less familiar bony tissues","volume":"3","author":"Currey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.184.1.63","article-title":"Medullary bone and avian calcium regulation","volume":"184","author":"Dacke","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13612","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional characterization of osteocyte volumes at multiple scales, and its relationship with bone biology and genome evolution in ray\u2010finned fishes","volume":"33","author":"Davesne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00371-9","article-title":"Parallel plate model for trabecular bone exhibits volume fraction-dependent bias","volume":"27","author":"Day","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1983.tb04254.x","article-title":"Quantitative serial sectioning analysis: preview","volume":"131","author":"DeHoff","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.08.010","article-title":"Measurement, variation, and scaling of osteocyte lacunae: a case study in birds","volume":"57","author":"D'Emic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1805","article-title":"Standardized nomenclature, symbols, and units for bone histomorphometry: a 2012 update of the report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee","volume":"28","author":"Dempster","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B6.12595","article-title":"Changes in the three-dimensional microstructure of human tibial cancellous bone in early osteoarthritis","volume":"85","author":"Ding","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. Vol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16619.1","article-title":"BoneJ2-refactoring established research software","volume":"6","author":"Domander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.023","article-title":"BoneJ: free and extensible bone image analysis in ImageJ","volume":"47","author":"Doube","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1721","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib38","first-page":"3067","article-title":"Trabecular bone scales allometrically in mammals and birds","volume":"278","author":"Doube","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib39","first-page":"107","article-title":"The effects of estradiol on plasma calcium and femoral bone structure in alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Comparative Biochemistry and physiology","volume":"84","author":"Elsey","year":"1986","journal-title":"A, Comp. Physiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450020016760","article-title":"Isolation and identification of avian leukosis viruses: a review","volume":"29","author":"Fadly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650040103","article-title":"The direct examination of three\u2010dimensional bone architecture in vitro by computed tomography","volume":"4","author":"Feldkamp","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(98)90117-5","article-title":"Medullary bone and humeral breaking strength in laying hens","volume":"64","author":"Fleming","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib43","series-title":"Virus-host Interactions in the Development of Avian Leukosis Virus-Induced Osteopetrosis: a Dissertation","author":"Foster","year":"1993"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25114","article-title":"An unusual theropod specimen from the late Maastrichtian of New Jersey","volume":"306","author":"Gallagher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-023-03176-y","article-title":"Osteohistology of the Antarctic penguin Pygoscelis adeliae (Aves, Sphenisciformes): definitive evidence of medullary bone","volume":"46","author":"Garat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24475","article-title":"The changing shape of palaeopathology: the contribution of skeletal shape analyses to investigations of pathological conditions","volume":"178","author":"Gilmour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/14614103.2021.1905933","article-title":"Remains of birds from the northwest black sea ancient settlements","volume":"27","author":"Gorobets","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib48","first-page":"2","article-title":"Pathological bone tissue in a Late Triassic neotheropod fibula, with implications for the interpretation of medullary bone","volume":"6","author":"Griffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. J. State Mus. Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib49","first-page":"27","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism and sex reversal in birds","volume":"8","author":"Hamra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00540446","article-title":"Characterization of microstructural anisotropy in orthotropic materials using a second rank tensor","volume":"19","author":"Harrigan","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13503","article-title":"Intraskeletal bone growth patterns in the North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli): growth mark discrepancy and implications for extinct taxa","volume":"239","author":"Heck","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.1997.1340694.x","article-title":"A new method for the model\u2010independent assessment of thickness in three\u2010dimensional images","volume":"185","author":"Hildebrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"issue":"402","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-34-402-368","article-title":"Radiological changes in avian osteopetrosis","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029958","article-title":"Bone histology in Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: iguanodontia)\u2013variation, growth, and implications","volume":"7","author":"H\u00fcbner","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2019.1739060","article-title":"An oviraptorosaur adult-egg association from the Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, China","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2010.11.014","article-title":"The organization of the osteocyte network mirrors the extracellular matrix orientation in bone","volume":"173","author":"Kerschnitzki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.08.019","article-title":"Rapid alterations of avian medullary bone material during the daily egg-laying cycle","volume":"69","author":"Kerschnitzki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708903105","article-title":"Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.06.026","article-title":"A quantitative framework for the 3D characterization of the osteocyte lacunar system","volume":"57","author":"Mader","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1017\/pab.2016.51","article-title":"Recognizing sexual dimorphism in the fossil record: lessons from nonavian dinosaurs","volume":"43","author":"Mallon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"issue":"7457","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12367","article-title":"Can ovarian follicles fossilize?","volume":"499","author":"Mayr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib109","series-title":"Avian Evolution: The Fossil Record of Birds and its Paleobiological Significance","author":"Mayr","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76078-2","article-title":"Reanalysis of putative ovarian follicles suggests that Early Cretaceous birds were feeding not breeding","volume":"10","author":"Mayr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.76.3.615","article-title":"Rapid activation of the medullary bone osteoclast cell surface by parathyroid hormone","volume":"76","author":"Miller","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(81)90060-9","article-title":"Medullary bone osteogenesis following estrogen administration to mature male Japanese quail","volume":"87","author":"Miller","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/84.1.20","article-title":"Calcium metabolism and skeletal dynamics of laying pullets","volume":"84","author":"Mueller","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib66","article-title":"Medullary bone in an Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird and discussion regarding its identification in fossils","volume":"9","author":"O'Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib67","first-page":"112","article-title":"The histology of two female Early Cretaceous birds","volume":"52","author":"O'Connor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vertebr. Palasiat."},{"issue":"7457","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12368","article-title":"Zheng et al. reply","volume":"499","author":"O'Connor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwt012","article-title":"Ovarian follicles shed new light on dinosaur reproduction during the transition towards birds","volume":"1","author":"O'Connor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12453","article-title":"The evolution of the modern avian digestive system: insights from paravian fossils from the Yanliao and Jehol biotas","volume":"63","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00007-0","article-title":"Three-dimensional methods for quantification of cancellous bone architecture","volume":"20","author":"Odgaard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90245-6","article-title":"Quantification of connectivity in cancellous bone, with special emphasis on 3-D reconstructions","volume":"14","author":"Odgaard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1394","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0308","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in birds: why are there so many different forms of dimorphism?","volume":"265","author":"Owens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13019","article-title":"Medullary bone in fossils: function, evolution and significance in growth curve reconstructions of extinct vertebrates","volume":"30","author":"Prondvai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6253","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06253","article-title":"Medullary bone-like tissue in the mandibular symphyses of a pterosaur suggests non-reproductive significance","volume":"4","author":"Prondvai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20386","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional virtual histology of silurian osteostracan scales revealed by synchrotron radiation microtomography","volume":"276","author":"Qu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/78.8.1232","article-title":"Comparative differences in the composition and biomechanical properties of tibiae of seven-and seventy-two-week-old male and female broiler breeder chickens","volume":"78","author":"Rath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2307\/4089275","article-title":"Uptake of ingested calcium during egg production in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)","volume":"114","author":"Reynolds","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Auk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib78","article-title":"Altered topological blueprint of trabecular bone associates with skeletal pathology in humans","volume":"12","author":"Reznikov","year":"2020","journal-title":"BoneKEy Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib79","first-page":"183","article-title":"Bird medullary bone: a seasonal dating technique for faunal analysts","author":"Rick","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bulletin (Canadian Archaeological Association)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib80","series-title":"Paper Presented at the Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2015: 18th International Conference, Munich, Germany, October 5-9, 2015, Proceedings","article-title":"U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa105","article-title":"An effect size statistical framework for investigating sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa","volume":"131","author":"Saitta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927612001079","article-title":"Three-dimensional synchrotron virtual paleohistology: a new insight into the world of fossil bone microstructures","volume":"18","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"issue":"5720","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110578","article-title":"A pair of shelled eggs inside a female dinosaur","volume":"308","author":"Sato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib85","first-page":"297","article-title":"Animal model of human disease. Skeletal hyperostoses: viral induction of avian osteopetrosis","volume":"106","author":"Schmidt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib86","first-page":"164","article-title":"A quantitative histologic study of avian osteopetrotic bone demonstrating normal osteoclast numbers and increased osteoblastic activity","volume":"44","author":"Schmidt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(85)90697-8","article-title":"The development of medullary bone: a model for osteogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Schraer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Physiol."},{"issue":"5727","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112158","article-title":"Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex","volume":"308","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23099","article-title":"Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex","volume":"6","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.10.029","article-title":"Do egg-laying crocodilian (Alligator mississippiensis) archosaurs form medullary bone?","volume":"40","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v038a11","article-title":"Woven bone overview: structural classification based on its integral role in developmental, repair and pathological bone formation throughout vertebrate groups","volume":"38","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Cell. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196805000-00027","article-title":"25 A review of avian osteopetrosis: comparisons with other bone diseases","volume":"58","author":"Simpson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2016.1233180","article-title":"Ontogenetic changes in long-bone histology of an ornithomimid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan","volume":"29","author":"Skutschas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hist. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1676\/11-014.1","article-title":"Evidence of medullary bone in two species of thrushes","volume":"123","author":"Squire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wilson J. Ornithol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1671\/039.029.0211","article-title":"Bone lesions in hadrosaurs: computed Tomographic Imaging as a guide for paleohistologic and stable-isotopic analysis","volume":"29","author":"Straight","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vertebr. Paleontol."},{"issue":"4376","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/172504a0","article-title":"Avian medullary bone","volume":"172","author":"Taylor","year":"1953","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1148\/51.1.100","article-title":"Contribution to the radiology and pathology of transmissible avian osteopetrosis\u2014lymphomatosis","volume":"51","author":"Thiersch","year":"1948","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib98","first-page":"183","article-title":"Euler number and connectivity indexes of a three dimensional digital picture","volume":"17","author":"Toriwaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forma-Tokyo-"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.2.187","article-title":"Mice, estrogen, and postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"14","author":"Turner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(99)00188-X","article-title":"Three-dimensional microstructural analysis of human trabecular bone in relation to its mechanical properties","volume":"25","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40657-015-0033-y","article-title":"Gender identification using acoustic analysis in birds without external sexual dimorphism","volume":"6","author":"Volodin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz214","article-title":"Evolution and distribution of medullary bone: evidence from a new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-017-1514-z","article-title":"Medullary bone is phylogenetically widespread and its skeletal distribution varies by taxon","volume":"159","author":"Werning","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ornithol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib111","unstructured":"What\u2019s new in Dragonfly? (no date) Dragonfly. Available at: https:\/\/dragonfly.comet.tech\/en\/what-s-new-in-dragonfly (Accessed: 11 February 2025)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13325","article-title":"Quantifying intracortical bone microstructure: a critical appraisal of 2D and 3D approaches for assessing vascular canals and osteocyte lacunae","volume":"238","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib105","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium \u201cInsular Vertebrate Evolution: the Palaeontological Approach","article-title":"Dinornis-an insular oddity, a taxonomic conundrum reviewed","author":"Worthy","year":"2005"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24817","article-title":"Effect of captivity on the vertebral bone microstructure of xenarthran mammals","volume":"305","author":"Zack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"7442","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11985","article-title":"Preservation of ovarian follicles reveals early evolution of avian reproductive behaviour","volume":"495","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwx004","article-title":"Exceptional preservation of soft tissue in a new specimen of Eoconfuciusornis and its biological implications","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."}],"container-title":["Developmental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012160625000375?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012160625000375?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:46:30Z","timestamp":1777452390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012160625000375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S0012160625000375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1606","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The three-dimensional structure of medullary bone: Novel criteria for the identification of avian sex-specific bone tissue","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Developmental Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ydbio.2025.02.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}