{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:15:39Z","timestamp":1789665339585,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy & Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]],"date-time":"2011-01-18T04:18:59Z","timestamp":1295324339000},"page":"247-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["A review of the relationships between Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome, electrical status epilepticus during sleep, and continuous spike\u2013waves during sleep"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199107010-00006","article-title":"Electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep: a review","volume":"8","author":"Jayakar","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.7.8.523","article-title":"Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorders in children","volume":"7","author":"Landau","year":"1957","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530280034019","article-title":"The Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome or \u2018acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder\u2019: long-term follow-up of six children and a review of the recent literature","volume":"49","author":"Paquier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20028","article-title":"Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome, electrical status epilepticus in slow wave sleep, and language regression in children","volume":"10","author":"McVicar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0025","first-page":"105","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2008.03.002","article-title":"Electrical status epilepticus in sleep","volume":"15","author":"Nickels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(98)00071-0","article-title":"Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome (LKS): long-term follow-up and links with electrical epilepticus during sleep (ESES)","volume":"21","author":"Rossi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201000469","article-title":"Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome: course and correlates with outcome","volume":"43","author":"Robinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0045","first-page":"16","article-title":"Electroclinical characteristics of Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome","volume":"103","author":"Mukhin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2006.01.020","article-title":"Children with ESES: variability in the syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Van Hirtum-Das","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2004.11.001","article-title":"Cognitive deterioration and electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep","volume":"6","author":"Scholtes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.06.006","article-title":"A child with refractory complex partial seizures, right temporal ganglioglioma, contralateral continuous electrical status epilepticus, and a secondary Landau\u2013Kleffner autistic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Mikati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162201000470","article-title":"Multiple subpial transection in Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Irwin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0070","series-title":"Paper presented at the 20th International Epilepsy Congress, Paris","article-title":"Factors associated with post surgical outcome of Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome","author":"Kanner","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05316.x","article-title":"Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes","volume":"30","author":"Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0080","series-title":"Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep. Electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep","first-page":"17","article-title":"Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS)","author":"Bureau","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0085","first-page":"136","article-title":"Epilepsy and sleep: with special reference to nonconvulsive status epilepticus with continuous diffuse spike\u2013waves during slow-wave sleep","volume":"22","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"No To Hattatsu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2005.64504.x","article-title":"Early thalamic injury associated with epilepsy and continuous spike\u2013wave during slow sleep","volume":"46","author":"Guzzetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(00)00127-3","article-title":"The spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities associated with electrical status epilepticus in sleep","volume":"22","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2006.10.013","article-title":"Treatment with flunitrazepam of continuous spikes and waves during slow wave sleep (CSWS) in children","volume":"16","author":"Kawakami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2004.06.020","article-title":"Treatment of electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep with high corticosteroid","volume":"32","author":"Okuyaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0110","first-page":"369","article-title":"Continuous midazolam infusion for refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children","volume":"37","author":"Nobutoki","year":"2005","journal-title":"No To Hattatsu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.04.007","article-title":"Levetiracetam in continuous spike waves during slow-wave sleep syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1971.00480330070006","article-title":"Subclinical \u201celectrical status epilepticus\u201d induced by sleep in children: a clinical and electroencephalographic study of six cases","volume":"24","author":"Patry","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(97)00154-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of epilepsy in childhood: a cohort of 440 consecutive patients","volume":"18","author":"Kramer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000336767.14252.76","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery in children with electrical status epilepticus in sleep","volume":"64","author":"Loddenkemper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31803bb792","article-title":"Clinical and electroencephalographic features of patients with polymicrogyria","volume":"24","author":"Teixeira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0140","first-page":"4","article-title":"Epilepsy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep: diagnostic criteria and approaches to therapy","volume":"106","author":"Mukhin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(97)00058-2","article-title":"Electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES): different clinical syndromes: toward a unifying view?","volume":"19","author":"De Negri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01891.x","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and medical treatment of children with electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES)","volume":"50","author":"Kramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-4475(81)80086-X","article-title":"Acquired aphasia in epileptic children: four cases with electrical infraclinic status epilepticus during sleep [author's translation]","volume":"11","author":"Billard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev \u00c9lectroenc\u00e9phalogr Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/155005948801900213","article-title":"Electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep: one case with sensory aphasia","volume":"19","author":"DeMarco","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Electroencephalogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0165","first-page":"165","article-title":"Sleep and prolonged epileptic activity (status epilepticus)","volume":"2","author":"Froscher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0170","first-page":"1551","article-title":"Electrical status epilepticus during sleep","volume":"24","author":"Ortega","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1745595","article-title":"Electrical status epilepticus in slow wave sleep: prospective case study of a cortical hearing impairment","volume":"12","author":"Fowler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.45004.x","article-title":"A clinical and EEG study on idiopathic partial epilepsies with evolution into ESES spectrum disorders","volume":"46","author":"Saltik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0185","first-page":"21","article-title":"The perisylvian epileptic network: a unifying concept","volume":"58","author":"Halasz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ideggy\u00f3gy Sz"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00686.x","article-title":"Cognition and paroxysmal EEG activities: from a single spike to electrical status epilepticus during sleep","volume":"47","author":"Tassinari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00676-9","article-title":"Non-linear EEG analysis in children with epilepsy and electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep (ESES)","volume":"112","author":"Ferri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.11.014","article-title":"Role of interictal epileptiform abnormalities in cognitive impairment","volume":"8","author":"Holmes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2762","article-title":"The memory function of sleep","volume":"11","author":"Diekelmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0210","first-page":"111","article-title":"The electrical status epilepticus syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Tassinari","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0215","first-page":"350","article-title":"Benign focal epilepsy and \u201celectrical status epilepticus\u201d during sleep [author's translation]","volume":"8","author":"Dalla Bernardina","year":"1978","journal-title":"Rev \u00c9lectroenc\u00e9phalogr Neurophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00408-9","article-title":"Encephalopathy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep or ESES syndrome including the acquired aphasia","volume":"111","author":"Tassinari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0225","first-page":"509","article-title":"Nonconvulsive status epilepticus with continuous diffuse spike-and-wave discharges during sleep in childhood","volume":"42","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2.504","article-title":"Multilobar polymicrogyria, intractable drop attack seizures, and sleep-related electrical status epilepticus","volume":"51","author":"Guerrini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0235","first-page":"69","article-title":"Electroencephalography in status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) in various clinical pictures","volume":"59","author":"Popovic Miocinovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Med Croat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02561.x","article-title":"Epilepsy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep and secondary bilateral synchrony","volume":"35","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.08.014","article-title":"Misleading effects of clonazepam in symptomatic electrical status epilepticus during sleep syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Bahi-Buisson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(02)00099-2","article-title":"Childhood-onset epilepsy associated with polymicrogyria","volume":"24","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2006.05.006","article-title":"Thalamic lesion and epilepsy with generalized seizures, ESES and spike\u2013wave paroxysms: report of three cases","volume":"15","author":"Kelemen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00132-6","article-title":"Spectrum of epileptic syndromes with electrical status epilepticus during sleep in children","volume":"22","author":"Yan Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200115120-00003","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus","volume":"15","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"CNS Drug"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/0387-7604(95)00076-N","article-title":"Treatment of electrical status epilepticus by short diazepam (DZP) cycles and DZP rectal bolus test","volume":"17","author":"De Negri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2005.09.004","article-title":"Treatment of epilepsy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep and its related disorders","volume":"28","author":"Inutsuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2006.02.007","article-title":"Nonconvulsive status epilepticus and neurodevelopmental delay","volume":"35","author":"Dirik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0285","first-page":"S173","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of autistic regression syndromes","volume":"15;40","author":"Garcia-Penas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0605","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children","volume":"3","author":"Korff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 70","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02214.x","article-title":"From rolandic epilepsy to continuous spike-and-waves during sleep and Landau\u2013Kleffner syndromes: insights into possible genetic factors","volume":"50","author":"Rudolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.43.s.3.3.x","article-title":"Epileptic syndromes in childhood: clinical features, outcome and treatment","volume":"439","author":"Camfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.09.015","article-title":"Nocturnal epileptiform EEG discharges, nocturnal epileptic seizures and language impairments in children: review of the literature","author":"Overvliet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2006.02.010","article-title":"Landau\u2013Kleffner syndrome is not an eponymic badge of ignorance","volume":"70","author":"Hirsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy & Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505010006621?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505010006621?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]],"date-time":"2023-06-04T18:18:32Z","timestamp":1685902712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505010006621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1525505010006621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-5050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-5050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}}}