{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:15:52Z","timestamp":1787026552181,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","epilepsybehavior.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T05:33:37Z","timestamp":1606282417000},"page":"107531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Three different scenarios for epileptic spasms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Lucia","family":"Fusco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9469-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Serino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Elena","family":"Santarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb00445.x","article-title":"Ictal electroencephalographic findings of spasms in West syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Fusco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blume WT, Lu HO, Mizrahi E, Tassinari C, Boas WVE, Engel J. Blume 2001 glossary of terminology for ictal semiology. 2001;42(9):1212\u20138.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.22001.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","article-title":"Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0020","first-page":"724","article-title":"On a peculiar form of infantile convulsions","volume":"1","author":"Wj","year":"1841","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.08.025","article-title":"A few thoughts on \u201cWhat is a seizure?\u201d. Epilepsy Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 Aug 27. Published in final edited form as","volume":"22","author":"Gotman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.02404.x","article-title":"A proposal for case definitions and outcome measures in studies of infantile spasms and West syndrome: Consensus statement of the West Delphi Group","volume":"45","author":"Lux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1684\/j.1950-6945.2003.tb00571.x","article-title":"Epileptic spasms in clusters without hypsarrhythmia in infancy","volume":"5","author":"Caraballo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02522.x","article-title":"Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005\u20132009","volume":"51","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0045","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1668","article-title":"Practice parameter: Medical treatment of infantile spasms: Report of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society","author":"Mackay","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0334-z","article-title":"Latest American and European updates on infantile spasms","volume":"13","author":"Lux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e2cf","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline update: Medical treatment of infantile spasms: Report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American academy of neurology and the practice committee of the child neurology society","volume":"78","author":"Go","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00773.x","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of infantile spasms among Atlanta children","volume":"40","author":"Trevathan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.69.5.614","article-title":"Infantile spasms","volume":"69","author":"Appleton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"71","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.07.016","article-title":"High-dose prednisone therapy for infantile spasms and late-onset epileptic spasms in China: The addition of topiramate provides no benefit","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0041-6","article-title":"Treatment of epileptic encephalopathies","volume":"27","author":"McTague","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2013.10.008","article-title":"Infantile spasms syndrome, West syndrome and related phenotypes: what we know in 2013","volume":"36","author":"Pavone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1554099","article-title":"Etiology and long-term outcomes of late-onset infantile spasms","volume":"46","author":"Mets\u00e4honkala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin JB, Sameer MZ, Ingrid ES, Robert SF. The 2017 ILAE classification of seizure types and the epilepsies: what do people with epilepsy and their caregivers need to know? Epileptic Disorders. Seminar in Epileptology. First published: 01 June 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/epd.2018.0957.","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2018.0957"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16305","article-title":"The underlying etiology of infantile spasms (West syndrome): Information from the International Collaborative Infantile Spasms Study (ICISS)","volume":"60","author":"Osborne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.13.1.66","article-title":"Diagnosis and prognosis of hypsarhythmia and infantile spasms","volume":"13","author":"Gibbs","year":"1954","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb00456.x","article-title":"The idiopathic form of West Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Vigevano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000535","article-title":"The epileptic encephalopathy jungle-from Dr West to the concepts of aetiology-related and developmental encephalopathies","volume":"31","author":"Kalser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"75","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.12.020","article-title":"Incidence of early-onset epilepsy: A prospective population-based study","volume":"1","author":"Hunter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0952-x","article-title":"Latitudinal differences on the global epidemiology of infantile spasms: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02657.x","article-title":"Infantile spasms: a U.S. consensus report","volume":"51","author":"Pellock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0130","article-title":"Rapid ictal transition of focal epilepsy to infantile spasms in neurofibromatosis type 1 captured by EEG","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Rep"},{"issue":"54","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.09.013","article-title":"Clinical electroencephalographic biomarker for impending epilepsy in asymptomatic tuberous sclerosis complex infants","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.106181","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity in infantile spasms","volume":"156","author":"Muir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193599","article-title":"Why west? Comparisons of clinical, genetic and molecular features of infants with and without spasms","volume":"13","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"139","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.11.015","article-title":"The new definition and classification of seizures and epilepsy","author":"Falco-Walter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0155","article-title":"Focal seizures versus epileptic spasms in children with focal cortical dysplasia and epilepsy onset in the first year","volume":"109","author":"Serino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30244-X","article-title":"Vigabatrin with hormonal treatment versus hormonal treatment alone (ICISS) for infantile spasms: 18-month outcomes of an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13057","article-title":"Summary of recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: Task Force Report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics","volume":"56","author":"Wilmshurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30244-X","article-title":"Vigabatrin with hormonal treatment versus hormonal treatment alone (ICISS) for infantile spasms: 18-month outcomes of an open-label, randomised controlled trial. International Collaborative Infantile Spasms Study (ICISS) investigators","volume":"2","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14205","article-title":"Developmental profile at initial presentation in children with infantile spasms","volume":"61","author":"Sumanasena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12350","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathies in Tasmania","author":"Ware","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107187","article-title":"Neonatal SCN2A encephalopathy: A peculiar recognizable electroclinical sequence","volume":"111","author":"Melikishvili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_10_19","article-title":"Electroclinical findings of SYNJ1 epileptic encephalopathy","volume":"15","author":"Samanta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz232","article-title":"Heterogeneous clinical and functional features of GRIN2D-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy","volume":"142","author":"XiangWei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0205","first-page":"1","article-title":"Expanding the genetic and phenotypic relevance of KCNB1 variants in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: 27 new patients and overview of the literature","author":"Bar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12102","article-title":"Metabolic etiologies in West syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Salar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02460.x","article-title":"Infantile spasms: Who are the ideal surgical candidates?","volume":"51","author":"Chugani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13221","article-title":"Surgical treatment for refractory epileptic spasms: the Detroit series","volume":"56","author":"Chugani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2012.0523","article-title":"Late-onset epileptic spasms may be cured by focal cortical resective surgery","volume":"14","author":"RicardMousnier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.373","article-title":"Unilobar surgery for symptomatic epileptic spasms","volume":"4","author":"Barba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.08.010","article-title":"Refractory spasms of focal onset\u2014A potentially curable disease that should lead to rapid surgical evaluation","volume":"51","author":"Chipaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14594","article-title":"Surgical and developmental outcomes of corpus callosotomy for West syndrome in patients without MRI lesions","volume":"59","author":"Baba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00305-9","article-title":"Surgical treatment of West syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Asano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193599","article-title":"Why West? Comparisons of clinical, genetic and molecular features of infants with and without spasms","volume":"13","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(01)00295-9","article-title":"Neuro-radiological assessment of brain structure and function and its implication in the pathogenesis of West syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Juh\u00e1sz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5414\/NP300588","article-title":"Precocious and delayed neocortical synaptogenesis in f\u0153tal holoprosencephaly","volume":"32","author":"Sarnat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505020307113?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505020307113?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T18:35:11Z","timestamp":1761503711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505020307113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S1525505020307113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-5050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-5050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Three different scenarios for epileptic spasms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107531","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107531"}}