{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:25:09Z","timestamp":1790774709211,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","epilepsybehavior.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T16:18:00Z","timestamp":1684167480000},"page":"109210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cannabidiol as an adjuvant treatment in adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Kochen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Bayarres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anilu","family":"Daza-Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Gonzalez Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Oddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H-L. The origin and use of cannabis in eastern Asia linguistic-cultural szaimplications. Economic Botany 1974;28(3):293\u2013301. McCoy B, Wang L, Zak M, Al-Mehmadi S, Kabir N, Alhadid K, et al. A prospective open-label trial of a CBD\/THC cannabis oil in dravet syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018;5(9):1077\u201388.","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.621"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00450585","article-title":"Toward drugs derived from cannabis","volume":"65","author":"Mechoulam","year":"1978","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1973.tb10660.x","article-title":"Cannabidiol and Cannabis sativa extract protect mice and rats against convulsive agents","volume":"25","author":"Carlini","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izquierdo I, Nasello AG. Effects of cannabidiol and of diphenylhydantoin on the hippocampus and on learning. Psychopharmacologia [Internet] 1973;31(2):167\u201375. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/4578907.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00419816"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0","article-title":"Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA","volume":"346","author":"Matsuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5090","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919","article-title":"Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor","volume":"258","author":"Devane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.25091\/s01013300202100010005","article-title":"The Politics of Evaluating Cannabis Regulation in Uruguay","volume":"40","author":"Fiore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Novos Estudos - CEBRAP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0040","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2020. UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs reclassifies cannabis to recognize its therapeutic uses. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/04-12-2020-un-commission-on-narcotic-drugs-reclassifies-cannabis-to-recognize-its-therapeutic-uses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kochen S, Cannabis medicinal, Editorial. Salud Colectiva, Universidad Nacional de Lan\u00fas, 2022. ISSN 1669-2381 | EISSN 1851-8265 | doi: 10.18294\/sc..3991.","DOI":"10.18294\/sc.2022.3991"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x","article-title":"Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"51","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3949","article-title":"Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs a 30-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01171-4","article-title":"Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties of Cannabidiol for Epilepsy","volume":"79","author":"Franco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0065","unstructured":"EMA 2019: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/epidyolex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0070","unstructured":"FDA 2018: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-drug-comprised-active-ingredient-derived-marijuana-treat-rare-severe-forms."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0075","unstructured":"FDA 2022: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-new-indication-drug-containing-active-ingredient-derived-cannabis-treat-seizures-rare."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaston T, Szaflarski JP. Cannabis for the Treatment of Epilepsy: an Update. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018;18(11).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0882-y"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00379-8","article-title":"Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial","volume":"15","author":"Devinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611618","article-title":"Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome","volume":"376","author":"Devinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0073","article-title":"GWPCARE2 Study Group. Dose-ranging effect of adjunctive oral cannabidiol vs placebo on convulsive seizure frequency in Dravet syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714631","article-title":"GWPCARE3 Study Group. Effect of cannabidiol on drop seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Devinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0105","unstructured":"Thiele EA, Marsh ED, French JA, Mazurkiewicz-Beldzinska M, Benbadis SR, Joshi C, et al. GWPCARE4 Study Group, 2018 17. Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17150","article-title":"Long-term cannabidiol treatment for seizures in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: An open-label extension trial","volume":"63","author":"Thiele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00807-y","article-title":"Highly Purified Cannabidiol for Epilepsy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Epileptic Conditions Beyond Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Lattanzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Drugs [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2008.9690","article-title":"Study Design, Precision, and Validity in Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Carlson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Palliative Med [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13742","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine\u2014When observational studies are better than randomized controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Bosdriesz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300129","article-title":"Challenges in meta-analyses with observational studies","volume":"23","author":"Metelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evidence Based Mental Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13815","article-title":"Quality of life in childhood epilepsy in pediatric patients enrolled in a prospective, open-label clinical study with cannabidiol","volume":"58","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.05.013","article-title":"Open-label use of highly purified CBD (Epidiolex\u00ae) in patients with CDKL5 deficiency disorder and Aicardi, Dup15q, and Doose syndromes","volume":"86","author":"Devinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14477","article-title":"Long-term safety and treatment effects of cannabidiol in children and adults with treatment resistant epilepsies: expanded access program results","volume":"59","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0150","first-page":"202","article-title":"Artisanal Cannabis in Young and Adults Patients with Treatment Resistant Epilepsy: Prospective, Observational, Open-Label Study in Argentina","volume":"4","author":"Kochen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurol Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12631","article-title":"Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"55","author":"Devinsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0160","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsies: Four-year results from the expanded access program","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.03.013","article-title":"Efficacy of CBD-enriched medical cannabis for treatment of refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents. An observational, longitudinal study","volume":"40","author":"Hausman-Kedem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122065","article-title":"A Pilot Study on the Use of Low Doses of CBD to Control Seizures in Rare and Severe Forms of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy","volume":"12","author":"Pes\u00e1ntez R\u00edos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2022.01.001","article-title":"Long-term use of cannabidiol-enriched medical cannabis in a prospective cohort of children with drug-resistant developmental and epileptic encephalopathy","volume":"95","author":"Caraballo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000137430","article-title":"Chronic administration of cannabidiol to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients","volume":"21","author":"Cunha","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107297","article-title":"Cannabidiol normalizes resting-state functional connectivity in treatment-resistant epilepsy","volume":"112","author":"Nenert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000660","article-title":"Cannabinoid therapy in epilepsy","volume":"32","author":"Billakota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.17012","article-title":"Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Hard Evidence at Last?","volume":"7","author":"Perucca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epilepsy Res [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901","article-title":"Cannabidiol Adverse Effects and Toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Huestis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-021-01003-y","article-title":"Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Epilepsy","volume":"41","author":"Von Wrede","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Drug Invest"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505023001294?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505023001294?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T18:52:33Z","timestamp":1761504753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505023001294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1525505023001294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-5050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-5050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cannabidiol as an adjuvant treatment in adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109210","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109210"}}