{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:11:26Z","timestamp":1770743486876,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","epilepsybehavior.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy &amp; Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T13:48:02Z","timestamp":1746107282000},"page":"110436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Qualitative analysis of written accounts of functional\/dissociative seizures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregg H.","family":"Rawlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Schachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Reuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0005","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th Revision), https:\/\/icd.who.int; 2019 [accessed 2025.3.10]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.08.005","article-title":"Frequency of a false positive diagnosis of epilepsy: A systematic review of observational studies","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17626","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of psychological treatment of functional\/dissociative seizures on non-seizure outcomes in adults","volume":"64","author":"Gaskell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.493","article-title":"Diagnostic delay in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"58","author":"Reuber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494-020-00016-y","article-title":"The first-line management of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) in adults in the emergency: a practical approach","volume":"2","author":"Hinnoutondji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Epileptol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.197996","article-title":"Does the primary literature provide support for clinical signs used to distinguish psychogenic nonepileptic seizures from epileptic seizures?","volume":"81","author":"Avbersek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01456.x","article-title":"Do observer and self-reports of ictal eye closure predict psychogenic nonepileptic seizures?","volume":"49","author":"Syed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.06.022","article-title":"Use of video alone for differentiation of epileptic seizures from non-epileptic spells: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Karakas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.12.024","article-title":"Use of postictal respiratory pattern to discriminate between convulsive psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures","volume":"27","author":"Ian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.08.015","article-title":"Heart rate and autonomic biomarkers distinguish convulsive epileptic vs. functional or dissociative seizures","volume":"111","author":"Ryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002948","article-title":"Value of patient-reported symptoms in the diagnosis of transient loss of consciousness","volume":"87","author":"Reuber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0065","series-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","first-page":"283","article-title":"Nonepileptic seizures \u2013 subjective phenomena","author":"Reuber","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0070","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder","volume":"376","author":"Aybek","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12106","article-title":"Management of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"54","author":"LaFrance","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.07.014","article-title":"What patients say about living with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A systematic synthesis of qualitative studies","volume":"41","author":"Rawlings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.06.006","article-title":"Written accounts of living with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A thematic analysis","volume":"50","author":"Rawlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0090","series-title":"In our words: personal accounts of living with non-epileptic seizures","author":"Reuber","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2018.1478974","article-title":"A pilot randomised controlled trial of a home-based writing intervention for individuals with seizures","volume":"33","author":"Rawlings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0100","series-title":"Epilepsy in our words: personal accounts of living with seizures","author":"Schachter","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107197","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of functional (psychogenic nonepileptic) seizures: An international retrospective study","volume":"111","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.07.018","article-title":"Using interactional and linguistic analysis to distinguish between epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a prospective, blinded multirater study","volume":"16","author":"Reuber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.09.003","article-title":"Conversation analysis in the differential diagnosis of Italian patients with epileptic or psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a blind prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Cornaggia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107121","article-title":"Differentiating psychogenic nonepileptic from epileptic seizures: A mixed-methods, content analysis study","volume":"109","author":"Carde\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.08.014","article-title":"Ictal consciousness in epilepsy and nonepileptic attack disorder","volume":"19","author":"Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.11.1456","article-title":"Ictal cognitive assessment of partial seizures and pseudoseizures","volume":"55","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.10.011","article-title":"Altered responsiveness in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and its implication to underlying psychopathology","volume":"52","author":"Gaston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000133208.57562.CB","article-title":"Ictal stuttering: a sign suggestive of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"63","author":"Vossler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2006.06.009","article-title":"Postictal behaviors associated with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"9","author":"Chabolla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(98)71361-1","article-title":"Pseudoseizures, families, and unspeakable dilemmas","volume":"39","author":"Griffith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.06.020","article-title":"Dissociation in patients with epilepsy and functional seizures: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"110","author":"Cassady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(97)80070-2","article-title":"Pseudoseizures and dissociative disorders: a common mechanism involving traumatic experiences","volume":"6","author":"Harden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"185\u2013211","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0170","first-page":"x","article-title":"Why conversion seizures should be classified as a dissociative disorder","volume":"29","author":"Bowman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2010.10.032","article-title":"Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a model of their pathogenic mechanism","volume":"20","author":"Baslet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.06.003","article-title":"Towards an integrative theory of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES)","volume":"47","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.10.014","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system functioning associated with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Analysis of heart rate variability","volume":"54","author":"van der Kruijs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00713","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability Parameters During Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures: Comparison Between Patients With Pure PNES and Comorbid Epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Romigi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.09.010","article-title":"Semiological classification of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"64","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01611.x","article-title":"Clinical differences between patients with nonepileptic seizures who report antecedent sexual abuse and those who do not","volume":"49","author":"Selkirk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.3000","article-title":"Outcome in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: 1 to 10-year follow-up in 164 patients","volume":"53","author":"Reuber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2003.11.004","article-title":"Somatization, dissociation and general psychopathology in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures","volume":"57","author":"Reuber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17230","article-title":"Heterogeneity of patients with functional\/dissociative seizures: Three multidimensional profiles","volume":"63","author":"Hingray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.1999.0334","article-title":"Headaches and other pain symptoms among patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures","volume":"8","author":"Ettinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0823","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and seizures","volume":"18","author":"Tatum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.10.008","article-title":"Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and chronic pain: a retrospective case-controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Gazzola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.12.015","article-title":"Reappraisal of epileptic pain as a rare symptom of seizures","volume":"55","author":"Kulo\u011flu Pazarc\u0131","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.066878","article-title":"Ictal symptoms of anxiety, avoidance behaviour, and dissociation in patients with dissociative seizures","volume":"77","author":"Goldstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.10.029","article-title":"Understanding psychogenic nonepileptic seizures-Phenomenology, semiology and the Integrative Cognitive Model","volume":"44","author":"Reuber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.06.026","article-title":"Panic attack symptoms differentiate patients with epilepsy from those with psychogenic nonepileptic spells (PNES)","volume":"37","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.03.015","article-title":"Panic symptoms in transient loss of consciousness: Frequency and diagnostic value in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy and syncope","volume":"48","author":"Rawlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.05.019","article-title":"Management of patients with nonepileptic attack disorder in the United Kingdom: a survey of health care professionals","volume":"21","author":"Mayor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109331","article-title":"Subjective seizure symptom reporting in functional\/dissociative seizures and epilepsy: Effects of sampling technique and patient characteristics","volume":"145","author":"Whitfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01798.x","article-title":"Seizure metaphors differ in patients' accounts of epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"50","author":"Plug","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1515\/LANGCOG.2011.008","article-title":"Metaphors in the description of seizure experiences: Common expressions and differential diagnosis","volume":"3","author":"Plug","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lang Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/amp012","article-title":"Seizure, Fit or Attack? The Use of Diagnostic Labels by Patients with Epileptic or Non-epileptic Seizures","volume":"31","author":"Plug","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Linguis"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505025001751?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505025001751?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T13:55:27Z","timestamp":1766152527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505025001751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S1525505025001751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-5050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-5050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Qualitative analysis of written accounts of functional\/dissociative seizures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110436","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110436"}}