{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T19:54:53Z","timestamp":1785700493928,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","epilepsybehavior.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy & Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:39:03Z","timestamp":1783071543000},"page":"111174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Anti-seizure medication in Germany over 25 years: trends in prices and prescription patterns from national data from 2000 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Laurent M.","family":"Willems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Strzelczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00773-1","article-title":"Childhood epilepsy","volume":"406","author":"Menon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01048-6","article-title":"Adult epilepsy","volume":"402","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17229","article-title":"Trends in resource utilization and cost of illness in patients with active epilepsy in Germany from 2003 to 2020","volume":"63","author":"Willems","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17174","article-title":"Multicenter, cross-sectional study of the costs of illness and cost-driving factors in adult patients with epilepsy","volume":"63","author":"Willems","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1829594","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of focal epilepsy in adults: an evidence based approach","volume":"22","author":"Mula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10309-024-00724-2","article-title":"Novel antiseizure medications in the development pipeline: promising candidates and recent failures","volume":"38","author":"L\u00f6scher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical Epileptology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-019-00487-2","article-title":"General Trends in prices and Prescription patterns of Anticonvulsants in Germany between 2000 and 2017: Analysis of National and Cohort-based Data","volume":"17","author":"Willems","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strzelczyk A, Hamer HM. [Impact of early benefit assessment on patients with epilepsy in Germany: Current healthcare provision and therapeutic needs]. Nervenarzt 2016;87: 386\u201393.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-016-0087-z"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10309-024-00663-y","article-title":"Erster epileptischer Anfall und Epilepsien im Erwachsenenalter","volume":"37","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Epileptology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s10309-024-00735-z","article-title":"Off-label-Use von anfallssuppressiver und immunsuppressiver Medikation bei Epilepsien","volume":"38","author":"Strzelczyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical Epileptology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt C, Seifert R. Epilepsien (Anfallssuppressiva). In: Ludwig W-D, M\u00fchlbauer B, Seifert R, editors. Arzneiverordnungs-Report 2025. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2026, p. 569\u2013582.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-72738-6_24"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6509-3","article-title":"Prevalence, utilization, and costs of antiepileptic drugs for epilepsy in Germany\u2013a nationwide population-based study in children and adults","volume":"259","author":"Hamer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70202","article-title":"Women with epilepsy: Evidence-based counseling across the lifespan","author":"Tettenborn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110441","article-title":"The outcome of ceasing valproate before pregnancy in women with epilepsy","volume":"169","author":"Vajda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10309-024-00732-2","volume":"38","author":"Staack","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmakotherapie und Kinderwunsch. Clinical Epileptology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5698\/1535-7597.18.4.269","volume":"18","author":"Kanner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209279","article-title":"Teratogenesis, Perinatal, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes after In Utero Exposure to Antiseizure Medication: Practice Guideline from the AAN, AES, and SMFM","volume":"102","author":"Pack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0085","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults - NICE guideline, Reference number: NG217, Published: 27 April 2022, Last updated: 30 January 2025."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2015.1091303","article-title":"Perampanel in the treatment of focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsies and of status epilepticus","volume":"8","author":"Strzelczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18297","article-title":"Real-world use of cenobamate in adults: Efficacy and predictors of treatment response","volume":"66","author":"Loushy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.109653","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of six new antiseizure medications for adjunctive treatment of focal epilepsy and epileptic syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2025.110787","article-title":"Cenobamate in pediatric epilepsy and developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: Efficacy, safety, and syndrome-specific considerations","volume":"173","author":"Samanta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-025-01158-8","article-title":"Post-marketing Experience with Cenobamate in the Treatment of Focal Epilepsies: a Multicentre Cohort Study","volume":"39","author":"Strzelczyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17564","article-title":"Failure to use new breakthrough treatments for epilepsy","volume":"64","author":"Klein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf295","article-title":"Academia, industry and the slow adoption of new treatments","volume":"148","author":"Klein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.109949","article-title":"Trends in prescription of anti-seizure medications in Japan between 2018 and 2021: a retrospective study using the National Database Open Data Japan","volume":"159","author":"Ura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s10309-025-00768-y","article-title":"Specific characteristics of pharmacotherapy and management in adolescents with epilepsy. English version","volume":"38","author":"Feucht","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical Epileptology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13610","article-title":"Declining trend in valproate use in Finland among females of childbearing age in 2012-2016 - a nationwide registry-based outpatient study","volume":"25","author":"Virta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109091","article-title":"Trends in antiseizure medications utilization among women of childbearing age with epilepsy in Poland between 2015 and 2019","volume":"139","author":"W\u00f3jcik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.110158","article-title":"Trends in antiseizure medication prescription in Idiopathic generalized epilepsy over the last 10 years","volume":"163","author":"Elosua-Bayes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0140","article-title":"Trends in paediatric antiseizure-medication use and costs in France, 2014-2023: a nationwide population-based analysis","volume":"63","author":"Nabbout","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17155","article-title":"Survey on the worldwide availability and affordability of antiseizure medications: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Access to Treatment","volume":"63","author":"Pironi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy & Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505026002957?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505026002957?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T19:36:50Z","timestamp":1785699410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505026002957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S1525505026002957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-5050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-5050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anti-seizure medication in Germany over 25 years: trends in prices and prescription patterns from national data from 2000 to 2024","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111174","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111174"}}