{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:41:08Z","timestamp":1792615268430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024157","name":"Neurelis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","epilepsybehavior.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy & Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:30:10Z","timestamp":1792510210000},"page":"111337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Caregiver experience of diazepam nasal spray treatment in children aged 2\u20135 years"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Joyce A.","family":"Cramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James W.","family":"Wheless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurriaan M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7602-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven M.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Lopez-Toledano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8184-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leock Y.","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8788-0722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Carrazana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian L.","family":"Rabinowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.70095","article-title":"Impact of a psychoeducation on caregiver burden, internalized stigma, anxiety, and coping in caregivers of children with epilepsy: a randomized pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Kacan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nurs Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.02.004","article-title":"Caregivers\u2019 experiences in the management of children with epilepsy: a systematic synthesis of qualitative studies","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.744017","article-title":"Investigation of anxiety, depression, sleep, and family function in caregivers of children with epilepsy","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000140","article-title":"Burden of seizure clusters on patients with epilepsy and caregivers: survey of patient, caregiver, and clinician perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Penovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14479","article-title":"Rescue therapies for seizure emergencies: new modes of administration","volume":"59","author":"Maglalang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0030","article-title":"Examining the patient and caregiver experience with diazepam nasal spray for seizure clusters: results from an exit survey of a phase 3, open-label, repeat-dose safety study","volume":"121","author":"Penovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000177","article-title":"Seizure clusters: characteristics and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Haut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5698\/1535-7597-16.1.48","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society","volume":"16","author":"Glauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13121","article-title":"A definition and classification of status epilepticus-report of the ILAE Task Force on classification of status epilepticus","volume":"56","author":"Trinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.05.013","article-title":"Seizure cluster: definition, prevalence, consequences, and management","volume":"68","author":"Jafarpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0055","series-title":"Full Prescribing Information","article-title":"Diastat\u00ae C-IV (diazepam rectal gel)","author":"Bausch Health US","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0060","unstructured":"Neurelis, Inc. VALTOCO\u00ae (diazepam nasal spray). Full Prescribing Information. San Diego, CA: Neurelis, Inc.; 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0065","unstructured":"UCB, Inc. Nayzilam\u00ae (midazolam nasal spray). Full Prescribing Information. Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc.; 2023."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17041","article-title":"Final results from a phase 3, long-term, open-label, repeat-dose safety study of diazepam nasal spray for seizure clusters in patients with epilepsy","volume":"62","author":"Wheless","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(02)00003-7","article-title":"Development of a new seizure severity questionnaire: initial reliability and validity testing","volume":"48","author":"Cramer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18473","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and 180-day safety of diazepam nasal spray in pediatric patients with epilepsy aged 2-5 years","volume":"66","author":"Segal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107312","volume":"112","author":"Cramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2024.109897","article-title":"Clinical study of the effect of 5 kinds of antiepileptic drugs on the postictal state","volume":"158","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18580","article-title":"Neurocognitive, behavioral, and treatment burden as key predictors of parental stress in pediatric epilepsy","author":"Correale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108323","article-title":"Parental experiences and perspectives on the value of seizure detection while caring for a child with epilepsy: a qualitative study","volume":"124","author":"van Westrhenen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274001","article-title":"Parents\u2019\/caregivers\u2019 fears and concerns about their child\u2019s epilepsy: a scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Carter","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16847","article-title":"Overcoming the challenges of developing an intranasal diazepam rescue therapy for the treatment of seizure clusters","volume":"62","author":"Cloyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02047.x","article-title":"An open-label study of repeated use of diazepam rectal gel (Diastat) for episodes of acute breakthrough seizures and clusters: safety, efficacy, and tolerance. North American Diastat Group","volume":"40","author":"Mitchell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.130","article-title":"Intranasal midazolam vs rectal diazepam for the home treatment of acute seizures in pediatric patients with epilepsy","volume":"164","author":"Holsti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-023-00601-x","article-title":"Practical questions about rescue medications for acute treatment of seizure clusters in children and adolescents with epilepsy in the USA: expanding treatment options to address unmet needs","volume":"26","author":"Wheless","year":"2024","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16449","article-title":"Bioavailability and safety of diazepam intranasal solution compared to oral and rectal diazepam in healthy volunteers","volume":"61","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18471","article-title":"More than seizure control: multidimensional outcome reporting in epilepsy (MORE) as a patient-centered framework redefining success in treatment","volume":"66","author":"Kheder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70143","article-title":"Seizures beget more than seizures: understanding the cellular, structural, individual and societal impact of seizures in epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Walker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.09.060","article-title":"The personal impact of epilepsy scale (PIES)","volume":"42","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108691","article-title":"Minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of the personal impact of epilepsy scale (PIES)","volume":"130","author":"Martz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006425","article-title":"Quality improvement in neurology: Epilepsy quality measurement set 2017 update","volume":"91","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108811","article-title":"Quality-of-life results in adults with epilepsy using diazepam nasal spray for seizure clusters from a long-term, open-label safety study","volume":"134","author":"Cramer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17385","article-title":"Significant improvements in SEIzure interVAL (time between seizure clusters) across time in patients treated with diazepam nasal spray as intermittent rescue therapy for seizure clusters","volume":"63","author":"Misra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0170","unstructured":"Peters JM, Segal EB, Wheless JW, Wolf SM, Zafar M, Davis C, et al. Interval between seizure clusters (SEIzure interVAL) in children aged 2-5 years: final analysis from a phase 1\/2a study of diazepam nasal spray. Presented at: American Epilepsy Society 2025 Annual Meeting, December 5-9, 2005; Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.09.006","article-title":"Determining minimally important change thresholds for the Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ)","volume":"31","author":"Cramer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy & Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505026004580?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1525505026004580?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:52:58Z","timestamp":1792612378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1525505026004580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S1525505026004580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-5050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-5050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Caregiver experience of diazepam nasal spray treatment in children aged 2\u20135 years","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Epilepsy & Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2026.111337","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111337"}}