{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:12:08Z","timestamp":1791209528125,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T08:17:37Z","timestamp":1246436257000},"page":"456-474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Regulation of basal and reserve cardiac pacemaker function by interactions of cAMP-mediated PKA-dependent Ca2+ cycling with surface membrane channels"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Tatiana M.","family":"Vinogradova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward G.","family":"Lakatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.CR0060018","article-title":"The emergence of a general theory of the initiation and strength of the heartbeat","volume":"100","author":"Maltsev","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.64.4.648","article-title":"Mechanisms of automaticity in subsidiary pacemakers from cat right atrium","volume":"64","author":"Rubenstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01746203","article-title":"The role of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in the regulation of sinoatrial node automaticity","volume":"11","author":"Hata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1996.sp003983","article-title":"Possible role of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in pacemaking in guinea-pig sino-atrial node","volume":"81","author":"Rigg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib5","first-page":"H2481","article-title":"Ionic basis of ryanodine's negative chronotropic effect on pacemaker cells isolated from the sinoatrial node","volume":"273","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(96)00182-6","article-title":"Electrophysiological actions of ryanodine on single rabbit sinoatrial nodal cells","volume":"28","author":"Satoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.153br.x","article-title":"Intracellular calcium and Na+Ca2+ exchange current in isolated toad pacemaker cells","volume":"508","author":"Ju","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00415.x","article-title":"Intracellular Ca2+ release contributes to automaticity in cat atrial pacemaker cells","volume":"524","author":"H\u00fcser","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/hh1201.092095","article-title":"Sinoatrial nodal cell ryanodine receptor and Na\u2013Ca2+ exchanger: molecular partners in pacemaker regulation","volume":"88","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib10","first-page":"101","article-title":"Intracellular Ca2+ release sparks atrial pacemaker activity","volume":"16","author":"Lipsius","year":"2001","journal-title":"News Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000204575.94040.d1","article-title":"High basal protein kinase A-dependent phosphorylation drives rhythmic internal Ca2+ store oscillations and spontaneous beating of cardiac pacemaker cells","volume":"98","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1380.016","article-title":"The integration of spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ cycling and surface membrane ion channel activation entrains normal automaticity in cells of the heart's pacemaker","volume":"1080","author":"Lakatta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1420.006","article-title":"The missing link in the mystery of normal automaticity of cardiac pacemaker cells","volume":"1123","author":"Lakatta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2007.07.005","article-title":"Normal heart rhythm is initiated and regulated by an intracellular calcium clock within pacemaker cells","volume":"16","author":"Maltsev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Lung. Circ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib15","first-page":"275","article-title":"The influence of adenylate cyclase inhibitors on the spontaneous activity of the cardiac pacemaker","volume":"225","author":"Tuganowski","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio245120a0","article-title":"Adrenaline-like effects of intracellular iontophoresis cyclic AMP in cardiac Purkinje fibers","volume":"245","author":"Tsien","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature (New Biol.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib17","first-page":"451","article-title":"Effect of exogenous cAMP in the rabbit right auricle","volume":"30","author":"Tuganowski","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)29889-5","article-title":"Effects of intracellular applied cyclic 3\u20325\u2032-adenosine monophosphate on the electrical activity of sinoatrial node cells of the rabbit","volume":"190","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1126\/science.16342","article-title":"Cardiac pacemaking: an obligatory role of catecholamines?","volume":"196","author":"Pollack","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)30318-6","article-title":"The effects of l-propranolol and practolol on atrial and nodal transmembrane potentials","volume":"195","author":"Freeman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.133439","article-title":"Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclase isoform AC1 is preferentially expressed in guinea-pig sino-atrial node cells and modulates the I(f) pacemaker current","volume":"582","author":"Mattick","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib22","article-title":"High basal cAMP content markedly elevates PKA-dependent protein phosphorylation and sustains spontaneous beating in rabbit sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells (SANC)","volume":"155a","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophysical. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14461","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707540200","article-title":"Ca(2+)-stimulated basal adenylyl cyclase activity localization in membrane lipid microdomains of cardiac sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells","volume":"283","author":"Younes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm911","article-title":"Cyclic nucleotide research \u2014 still expanding after half a century","volume":"3","author":"Beavo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio240181a0","article-title":"Cyclic AMP mediates the effects of adrenaline on cardiac Purkinje fibers","volume":"240","author":"Tsien","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature (New Biol.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1989.tb16894.x","article-title":"Chronotropic and inotropic actions of amrinone, carbazeran and isobutylmethyl xanthine: role of phosphodiesterase inhibition","volume":"98","author":"Shahid","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.72.79","article-title":"Effects of toborinone (OPC-18790), a new positive inotropic agent, on action potential in guinea pig sinoatrial node: compared with milrinone and E-4031","volume":"72","author":"Orito","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1983.tb10723.x","article-title":"Effects of amrinone on the transmembrane action potential of rabbit sinus node pacemaker cells","volume":"80","author":"Kodama","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.161679","article-title":"Constitutive phosphodiesterase activity restricts spontaneous beating rate of cardiac pacemaker cells by suppressing local Ca2+ releases","volume":"102","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib30","first-page":"S343","article-title":"Local Ca releases and spontaneous beating rate of rabbit sinoatrial node cells are controlled by interaction of basal phosphodiesterase 3 and 4 activity","volume":"118","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013474","article-title":"Voltage-clamp investigations of membrane currents underlying pace-maker activity in rabbit sino-atrial node","volume":"308","author":"Brown","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2005.01.005","article-title":"Physiology and pharmacology of the cardiac pacemaker (\u201cfunny\u201d) current","volume":"107","author":"Baruscotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.55.030193.002323","article-title":"Pacemaker mechanisms in cardiac tissue","volume":"55","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237370","article-title":"Sodium currents in toad cardiac pacemaker cells","volume":"145","author":"Ju","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1540\/jsmr.39.175","article-title":"Sino-atrial nodal cells of mammalian hearts: ionic currents and gene expression of pacemaker ionic channels","volume":"39","author":"Satoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Smooth Muscle Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-2-00593.x","article-title":"The sustained inward current and inward rectifier K+ current in pacemaker cells dissociated from rat sinoatrial node","volume":"523","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00584356","article-title":"Does the \u201cpacemaker current\u201d generate the diastolic depolarization in the rabbit SA node cells","volume":"397","author":"Noma","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pfiiigers. Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib38","first-page":"H2782","article-title":"Variation in effects of Cs+, UL-FS-49, and ZD-7288 within sinoatrial node","volume":"272","author":"Nikmaram","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199502000-00016","article-title":"Effects of high potassium and the bradycardic agents ZD7288 and cesium on heart rate of rabbits and guinea pigs","volume":"25","author":"Leitch","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(08)80051-X","article-title":"Cesium effects on dual pacemaker mechanisms in guinea pig sinoatrial node","volume":"27","author":"Sohn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.817379","article-title":"Intracellular calcium dynamics and acceleration of sinus rhythm by beta-adrenergic stimulation","volume":"119","author":"Joung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1340","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01119.2002","article-title":"Neuronal control of heart rate in isolated mouse atria","volume":"285","author":"Choate","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2007.07.009","article-title":"Role of pacemaking current in cardiac nodes: insights from a comparative study of sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018264","article-title":"Pacemaking in rabbit isolated sino-atrial node cells during Cs+ block of the hyperpolarization-activated current if","volume":"429","author":"Denyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1161\/hh0102.102271","article-title":"\u03b2-adrenergic stimulation modulates ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release during diastolic depolarization to accelerate pacemaker activity in rabbit sinoatrial nodal cells","volume":"90","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1185\/030079905X50543","article-title":"Cardiac pacemaker I(f) current and its inhibition by heart rate-reducing agents","volume":"21","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2007.04.017","article-title":"Modulation of rate by autonomic agonists in SAN cells involves changes in diastolic depolarization and the pacemaker current","volume":"43","author":"Bucchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1540\/jsmr.39.195","article-title":"Pacemaker mechanism of porcine sino-atrial node cells","volume":"39","author":"Ono","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Smooth Muscle Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm339","article-title":"Pacemaker current (I(f)) in the human sinoatrial node","volume":"28","author":"Verkerk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.100305","article-title":"Fundamental importance of Na+\u2013Ca2+ exchange for the pacemaking mechanism in guinea-pig sino-atrial node","volume":"571","author":"Sanders","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1993.73.1.197","article-title":"Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node","volume":"73","author":"Irisawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/351145a0","article-title":"Direct activation of cardiac pacemaker channels by intracellular cyclic AMP","volume":"351","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017344","article-title":"Muscarinic control of the hyperpolarization-activated current (if) in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes","volume":"405","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01747828","article-title":"Electrophysiological effects of amrinone on the automaticity and membrane current system of the rabbit sinoatrial node cells","volume":"13","author":"Hata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12835","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.18.12835","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the hyperpolarization-activated cation channel in rabbit heart sinoatrial node","volume":"274","author":"Ishii","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-007-0224-4","article-title":"Pathophysiology of HCN channels","volume":"454","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.02036.x","article-title":"Cellular expression and functional characterization of four hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels in cardiac and neuronal tissues","volume":"268","author":"Moosmang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg032","article-title":"Absence epilepsy and sinus dysrhythmia in mice lacking the pacemaker channel HCN2","volume":"22","author":"Ludwig","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15235","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2434235100","article-title":"The hyperpolarization-activated channel HCN4 is required for the generation of pacemaker action potentials in the embryonic heart","volume":"100","author":"Stieber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601868","article-title":"HCN4 provides a \u2018depolarization reserve\u2019 and is not required for heart rate acceleration in mice","volume":"26","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.04.008","article-title":"Tamoxifen-inducible gene deletion in the cardiac conduction system","volume":"45","author":"Hoesl","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2008.3","article-title":"Cardiac pacemaker function of HCN4 channels in mice is confined to embryonic development and requires cyclic AMP","volume":"27","author":"Harzheim","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316387","article-title":"Pacemaker channel dysfunction in a patient with sinus node disease","volume":"111","author":"Schulze-Bahr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052475","article-title":"Familial sinus bradycardia associated with a mutation in the cardiac pacemaker channel","volume":"354","author":"Milanesi","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2006.03.007","article-title":"I(f) and the biological pacemaker","volume":"53","author":"Robinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0060-2","article-title":"Biological pacemakers based on I(f)","volume":"45","author":"Rosen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp016916","article-title":"Contribution of two types of calcium currents to the pacemaker potentials of rabbit sino-atrial node cells","volume":"395","author":"Hagiwara","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(94)00214-8","article-title":"Role of T-type Ca2+ channel inhibitors in the pacemaker depolarization in rabbit sino-atrial nodal cells","volume":"26","author":"Satoh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2005.05.003","article-title":"Voltage-dependent calcium channels and cardiac pacemaker activity: from ionic currents to genes","volume":"90","author":"Mangoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089268","article-title":"Abnormal coronary function in mice deficient in a1H T-type Ca2+ channels","volume":"302","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2007","article-title":"Genesis and regulation of the heart automaticity","volume":"88","author":"Mangoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000225862.14314.49","article-title":"Bradycardia and slowing of the atrioventricular conduction in mice lacking CaV3.1\/alpha1G T-type calcium channels","volume":"98","author":"Mangoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FMJ05002X2","article-title":"Pathophysiological significance of T-type Ca2+ channels: properties and functional roles of T-type Ca2+ channels in cardiac pacemaking","volume":"99","author":"Ono","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.CR0070012","article-title":"Regulation of Cav1.2 current: interaction with intracellular molecules","volume":"103","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000018003.14304.E2","article-title":"Functional Roles of Ca(v)1.3 (alpha(1D)) calcium channel in sinoatrial nodes: insight gained using gene-targeted null mutant mice","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib76","first-page":"H1064","article-title":"Contribution of L-type Ca2+ current to electrical activity in sinoatrial nodal myocytes of rabbits","volume":"276","author":"Verheijck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0038","article-title":"Positive chronotropic responses of rabbit sino-atrial node cells to flash photolysis of caged isoproterenol and cyclic AMP","volume":"263","author":"Tanaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.2.365","article-title":"Regulation and modulation of calcium channels in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells","volume":"74","author":"McDonald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702506","article-title":"Characterization of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase subtypes involved in the regulation of the L-type Ca2+ current in rat ventricular myocytes","volume":"127","author":"Verde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib80","first-page":"163","article-title":"Cardiac calcium channels and their transmitter modulation","volume":"33","author":"Trautwein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Prog. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.8.2261","article-title":"A novel lipid-anchored A-kinase anchoring protein facilitates cAMP-responsive membrane events","volume":"17","author":"Fraser","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1159\/000016320","article-title":"Pharmacology, structure and function of cardiac L-type Ca(2+) channels","volume":"9","author":"Striessnig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109814200","article-title":"A novel leucine zipper targets AKAP15 and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase to the C terminus of the skeletal muscle Ca2+ channel and modulates its function","volume":"277","author":"Hulme","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00374956","article-title":"Mechanism of muscarinic control of the high-threshold calcium current in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes","volume":"423","author":"Petit-Jacques","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1951.sp004667","article-title":"Effect of current flow on the membrane potential of cardiac muscle","volume":"115","author":"Weidman","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015320","article-title":"The surprising heart: a review of recent progress in cardiac electrophysiology","volume":"353","author":"Noble","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.96.1.195","article-title":"Two components of cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current. Differential sensitivity to block by class III antiarrhythmic agents","volume":"96","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2845575","article-title":"Regulation of a heart potassium channel by protein kinase A and C","volume":"242","author":"Walsh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1081","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.261.6.C1081","article-title":"Distinct voltage-dependent regulation of a heart-delayed IK by protein kinases A and C","volume":"261","author":"Walsh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2038","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.5.H2038","article-title":"AKAP proteins anchor cAMP-dependent protein kinase to KvLQT1\/IsK channel complex","volume":"280","author":"Potet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1984.0067","article-title":"The ionic currents underlying pacemaker activity in rabbit sino-atrial node: experimental results and computer simulations","volume":"222","author":"Brown","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. R Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019720","article-title":"Na+\u2013Ca2+ exchange current in latent pacemaker cells isolated from cat right atrium","volume":"466","author":"Zhou","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1700476","article-title":"Molecular cloning and functional expression of the cardiac sarcolemmal Na(+)\u2013Ca2+ exchanger","volume":"250","author":"Nicoll","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28849","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300754200","article-title":"Sodium\/calcium exchanger (NCX1) macromolecular complex","volume":"278","author":"Schulze","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000069701.19660.14","article-title":"Protein kinase A hyperphosphorylation increases basal current but decreases beta-adrenergic responsiveness of the sarcolemmal Na+\u2013Ca2+ exchanger in failing pig myocytes","volume":"92","author":"Wei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2005.09.005","article-title":"Isoproterenol does not enhance Ca-dependent Na\/Ca exchange current in intact rabbit ventricular myocytes","volume":"39","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/2021223a0","article-title":"Effect of calcium on the membrane potentials of single pacemaker fibres in isolated rabbits atria","volume":"202","author":"Seifen","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib98","series-title":"The Conduction of the Cardiac Impulse","author":"Cranefield","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017488","article-title":"Modulation by intracellular Ca2+ of the hyperpolarization-activated inward current in rabbit single sino-atrial node cells","volume":"409","author":"Hagiwara","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.91.229","article-title":"Electropharmacology of taurine on the hyperpolarization-activated inward current and the sustained inward current in spontaneously beating rat sino-atrial nodal cells","volume":"91","author":"Satoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00370312","article-title":"Intracellular calcium does not directly modulate cardiac pacemaker (if) channels","volume":"419","author":"Zaza","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00668-5","article-title":"Modulation of the hyperpolarization-activated current (I(f)) by calcium and calmodulin in the guinea-pig sino-atrial node","volume":"57","author":"Rigg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.84.5.705","article-title":"Inactivation of calcium channel current in the calf cardiac Purkinje fiber. Evidence for voltage- and calcium-mediated mechanisms","volume":"84","author":"Kass","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00580773","article-title":"Cardiac Purkinje fibers: the slow inward current component under the influence of modified [Ca2+]i","volume":"371","author":"Isenberg","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pfluegers Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib105","first-page":"H364","article-title":"Different effects of intracellular Ca and protein kinase C on cardiac T and L Ca currents","volume":"261","author":"Tseng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib106","first-page":"H1200","article-title":"Calcium-sensitive delayed rectifier potassium current in guinea pig ventricular cells","volume":"258","author":"Tohse","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-2-00391.x","article-title":"enhances the rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium current, IKr, through a reduction in C-type inactivation in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes","volume":"522","author":"Heath","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020563","article-title":"A sustained inward current activated at the diastolic potential range in rabbit sino-atrial node cells","volume":"483","author":"Guo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050293","article-title":"The sustained inward current in sino-atrial node cells of guinea-pig heart","volume":"433","author":"Guo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.2.88","article-title":"Sustained inward current during pacemaker depolarization in mammalian sinoatrial node cells","volume":"87","author":"Mitsuiye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.013184","article-title":"Ca(2+)-activated Cl(\u2212) current in rabbit sinoatrial node cells","volume":"540","author":"Verkerk","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.57.030195.002221","article-title":"The multifunctional calcium\/calmodulin\u2013dependent protein kinase: from form to function","volume":"57","author":"Braun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.9.760","article-title":"Sinoatrial node pacemaker activity requires Ca2+\/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II activation","volume":"87","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9659","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.20.9659","article-title":"Dual regulation of Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activity by membrane voltage and by calcium influx","volume":"91","author":"Xiao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib115","first-page":"H982","article-title":"Ca-dependent facilitation of cardiac Ca current is due to Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase","volume":"267","author":"Yuan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/35004052","article-title":"Calmodulin kinase determines calcium-dependent facilitation of L-type calcium channels","volume":"2","author":"Dzhura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60487-9","article-title":"Phospholamban phosphorylation in intact ventricles. Phosphorylation of serine 16 and threonine 17 in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation","volume":"264","author":"Wegener","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0579","article-title":"Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase, uncoupled from phospholamban, stimulates Ca2+-pumping in native cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum","volume":"258","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000269328.78313.26","article-title":"High basal Ca2+\/calmodulin kinase II activity modulates spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ cycling that drives normal automaticity in sinoatrial nodal cells","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/26.3.193","article-title":"Functional implications of spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in the heart","volume":"26","author":"Lakatta","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540205000303","article-title":"Heterogeneous expression of Ca(2+) handling proteins in rabbit sinoatrial node","volume":"50","author":"Musa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.153676","article-title":"Calcium cycling protein density and functional importance to automaticity of isolated sinoatrial nodal cells are independent of cell size","volume":"100","author":"Lyashkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(00)00153-X","article-title":"Localization and functional significance of ryanodine \uf024receptors during \u03b2-adrenergic stimulation in guinea-pig sino-atrial node","volume":"48","author":"Rigg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84563-5","article-title":"Ryanodine activation and inhibition of the Ca release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum","volume":"261","author":"Meissner","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000055904.21974.BE","article-title":"Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release is not a dominating factor in sinoatrial node pacemaker activity","volume":"92","author":"Honjo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(03)00236-0","article-title":"Obligatory role of diastolic voltage oscillations in sino-atrial node discharge","volume":"35","author":"Nett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.152181","article-title":"Store-operated Ca2+ influx and expression of TRPC genes in mouse sinoatrial node","volume":"100","author":"Ju","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00999-2","article-title":"The mouse sino-atrial node expresses both the type 2 and type 3 Ca(2+) release channels\/ryanodine receptors","volume":"553","author":"Masumiya","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2007.07.003","article-title":"Characterization of the effects of ryanodine, TTX, E-4031 and 4-AP on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes","volume":"96","author":"Nikmaram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5972","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806422106","article-title":"Calmodulin kinase II is required for fight or flight sinoatrial node physiology","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.0793u.x","article-title":"How does beta-adrenergic stimulation increase the heart rate? The role of intracellular Ca2+ release in amphibian pacemaker cells","volume":"516","author":"Ju","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.158428","article-title":"Altered heart rate and sinoatrial node function in mice lacking the cAMP regulator phosphoinositide 3-kinase-\u03b3","volume":"101","author":"Rose","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.057372","article-title":"Intracellular Ca2+ and pacemaking within the rabbit sinoatrial node: heterogeneity of role and control","volume":"556","author":"Lancaster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(03)00150-0","article-title":"I(f)-dependent modulation of pacemaker rate mediated by cAMP in the presence of ryanodine in rabbit sino-atrial node cells","volume":"35","author":"Bucchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.81.1.205","article-title":"Cellular and subcellular mechanisms of cardiac pacemaker oscillations","volume":"81","author":"Tsien","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000122045.55331.0F","article-title":"Rhythmic ryanodine receptor Ca2+ releases during diastolic depolarization of sinoatrial pacemaker cells do not require membrane depolarization","volume":"94","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib137","first-page":"76a","article-title":"Local Ca2+ waves rather than sparks boost the subsarcolemmal Ca2+ rise in late diastole of rabbit sinoatrial node cells: characterization in two dimensions","author":"Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophysical. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000247933.66532.0b","article-title":"Membrane potential fluctuations resulting from submembrane Ca2+ releases in rabbit sinoatrial nodal cells impart an exponential phase to the late diastolic depolarization that controls their chronotropic state","volume":"99","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018457","article-title":"The contribution of the \u2018pacemaker\u2019 current (if) to generation of spontaneous activity in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes","volume":"434","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvm058","article-title":"Dynamic interactions of an intracellular Ca2+ clock and membrane ion channel clock underlie robust initiation and regulation of cardiac pacemaker function","volume":"77","author":"Maltsev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H594","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01118.2008","article-title":"Synergism of coupled subsarcolemmal Ca2+ clocks and sarcolemmal voltage clocks confers robust and flexible pacemaker function in a novel pacemaker cell model","volume":"296","author":"Maltsev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.711606","article-title":"Expanding spectrum of human RYR2-related disease: new electrocardiographic, structural, and genetic features","volume":"116","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15617","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805500105","article-title":"Dysfunction in ankyrin-B-dependent ion channel and transporter targeting causes human sinus node disease","volume":"105","author":"Le Scouarnec","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1420.024","article-title":"Control of cardiac rate by \u201cfunny\u201d channels in health and disease","volume":"1123","author":"Barbuti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2170\/physiolsci.RP015207","article-title":"Ionic mechanisms underlying the positive chronotropy induced by beta1-adrenergic stimulation in guinea pig sinoatrial node cells: a simulation study","volume":"58","author":"Himeno","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3856.916","article-title":"Adrenalin: mechanism of action on the pacemaker potential in cardiac Purkinje fibers","volume":"162","author":"Hauswirth","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.64.3.293","article-title":"Effects of epinephrine on the pacemaker potassium current of cardiac Purkinje fibers","volume":"64","author":"Tsien","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/280235a0","article-title":"How does adrenaline accelerate the heart?","volume":"280","author":"Brown","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020038","article-title":"Modulation of single hyperpolarization-activated channels (if) by cAMP in the rabbit sino-atrial node","volume":"474","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.07.026","article-title":"Extended atrial conduction system characterised by the expression of the HCN4 channel and connexin45","volume":"72","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakatta EG, DiFrancesco D. What keeps us ticking: a funny current, a calcium clock, or both? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009;47:157\u201370.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.03.022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958067000019151","article-title":"Modulation of delayed rectifier potassium current, iK, by isoprenaline in rabbit isolated pacemaker cells","volume":"85","author":"Lei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00877630","article-title":"Delayed rectifier potassium channels in ventricle and sinoatrial node of the guinea pig: molecular and regulatory properties","author":"Freeman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704861","article-title":"Blocking action of chromanol 293B on the slow component of delayed rectifier K(+) current in guinea-pig sino-atrial node cells","volume":"137","author":"Ding","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4161\/chan.3.1.7387","article-title":"KCNE variants reveal a critical role of the beta subunit carboxyl terminus in PKA-dependent regulation of the IKs potassium channel","volume":"3","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Channels (Austin)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00459-X","article-title":"Role of the 293b-sensitive, slowly activating delayed rectifier potassium current, IKs, in pacemaker activity of rabbit isolated sino-atrial node cells","volume":"53","author":"Lei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1967.sp008310","article-title":"The dependence of slow inward current in Purkinje fibres on the extracellular calcium-concentration","volume":"192","author":"Reuter","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp011657","article-title":"The regulation of the calcium conductance of cardiac muscle by adrenaline","volume":"264","author":"Reuter","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/301569a0","article-title":"Calcium channel modulation by neurotransmitters, enzymes and drugs","volume":"301","author":"Reuter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000266742.51389.a4","article-title":"Regulation of L-type calcium channel and delayed rectifier potassium channel activity by p21-activated kinase-1 in guinea pig sinoatrial node pacemaker cells","volume":"100","author":"Ke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.09.028","article-title":"Molecular aspects of adrenergic modulation of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels","volume":"65","author":"van der Heyden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.12.1095","article-title":"Regulation of cardiac L-type calcium channels by protein kinase A and protein kinase C","volume":"87","author":"Kamp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/351573a0","article-title":"Sympathetic regulation of cardiac calcium current is due exclusively to cAMP-dependent phosphorylation","volume":"351","author":"Hartzell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature Lond."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00041.2008","article-title":"AKAP-scaffolding proteins and regulation of cardiac physiology","volume":"24","author":"Mauban","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706101","article-title":"Responses of the sustained inward current to autonomic agonists in guinea-pig sino-atrial node pacemaker cells","volume":"144","author":"Toyoda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1341.013","article-title":"Rhythmic Ca2+ oscillations drive sinoatrial nodal cell pacemaker function to make the heart tick","volume":"1047","author":"Vinogradova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7701323","article-title":"Rapid adaptation of cardiac ryanodine receptors: modulation by Mg2+ and phosphorylation","volume":"267","author":"Valdivia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80847-8","article-title":"PKA phosphorylation dissociates FKBP12.6 from the calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor): defective regulation in failing hearts","volume":"101","author":"Marx","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022282809002648?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022282809002648?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T15:14:14Z","timestamp":1739200454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022282809002648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022282809002648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.06.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2828"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2828","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}}}