{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:19:59Z","timestamp":1790021999914,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012676","name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OSP 209924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OSP 209924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012676","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NeuroImage: Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:21:50Z","timestamp":1760660510000},"page":"100295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Glymphatic system dysfunction associated with player position in collegiate American football players: A DTI-ALPS study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9192-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Sebastianelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Cockroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6488-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishnamoorthy","family":"Thamburaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semyon","family":"Slobounov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000175","article-title":"Measurement error in the immediate postconcussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT): systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Alsalaheen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115323","article-title":"Lower DTI-ALPS index in patients with major depressive disorder: correlation with fatigue","volume":"478","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.10.050","article-title":"Body mass index, playing position, race, and the cardiovascular mortality of retired professional football players","volume":"109","author":"Baron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib4","series-title":"Mild Head Injury","first-page":"257","article-title":"Mild head injury in sports: neuropsychological sequelae and recovery of function","author":"Barth","year":"1989"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1825","article-title":"Cumulative head impact burden in high school football","volume":"28","author":"Broglio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e573","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001044","article-title":"Association of concussion history and prolonged recovery in youth","volume":"32","author":"Chizuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med.: OffiC. j. Canadian Academy of Sport Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01185-5","article-title":"QSIPrep: an integrative platform for preprocessing and reconstructing diffusion MRI data","volume":"18","author":"Cieslak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113731","article-title":"Spatial neglect and attention networks","volume":"34","author":"Corbetta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1148878","article-title":"Increased glymphatic system activity in patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2983","article-title":"Persistent differences in patterns of brain activation after sports-related concussion: a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"31","author":"Dettwiler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.06.078","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid candidate biomarkers of neonatal encephalopathy severity and neurodevelopmental outcomes","volume":"226","author":"Dietrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.03.021","article-title":"Brain tissue strains vary with head impact location: a possible explanation for increased concussion risk in struck versus striking football players","volume":"64","author":"Elkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. BioMech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib13","first-page":"161","article-title":"Chapter 10\u2014The glymphatic system","volume":"vol 209","author":"Ghanizada","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1511915","article-title":"Association of player position and functional connectivity alterations in collegiate American football players: an fMRI study","volume":"15","author":"Griffith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232899","article-title":"Evaluation of diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space as a marker of the glymphatic system","volume":"310","author":"Haller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120903699","article-title":"Epidemiology of injuries sustained in boys' high school contact and collision sports, 2008-2009 through 2012-2013","volume":"8","author":"Hammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthopaedic J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4609","article-title":"The effect of prior concussion history on dual-task gait following a concussion","volume":"34","author":"Howell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26516","article-title":"Magnetic resonance images implicate that glymphatic alterations mediate cognitive dysfunction in alzheimer disease","volume":"93","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"Fsl","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E245","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000778","article-title":"Distribution of head acceleration events varies by position and play type in North American football","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826daf50","article-title":"Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired national football league players","volume":"79","author":"Lehman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26790","article-title":"Automated diffusion-weighted image analysis along the perivascular space index reveals glymphatic dysfunction in association with brain parenchymal lesions","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad274","article-title":"Glymphatic dysfunction in patients with early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"147","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain: J. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2024.0128","article-title":"Near-infrared imaging of glymphatic clearance in a pre-clinical model of repetitive closed head traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Michalaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib25","unstructured":"Mueller, F. O., & Colgate, B. (n.d.). ANNUAL SURVEY OF FOOTBALL INJURY RESEARCH 1931\u20142010."},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0083","article-title":"Effect of player position on serum biomarkers during participation in a season of collegiate football","volume":"39","author":"Papa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181ee33e2","article-title":"Postconcussive symptoms are associated with compensatory cortical recruitment during a working memory task","volume":"67","author":"Pardini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-022-03073-x","article-title":"Glymphatic system evaluation using diffusion tensor imaging in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"65","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-023-03270-2","article-title":"Glymphatic imaging: a critical look at the DTI-ALPS index","volume":"66","author":"Ringstad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2015.1012204","article-title":"The role of location of subconcussive head impacts in FMRI brain activation change","volume":"40","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diffusion along perivascular spaces as marker for impairment of glymphatic system in Parkinson's disease","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Parkinson's Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuroimaging evidence of glymphatic system dysfunction in possible REM sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson's disease","volume":"8","author":"Si","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Parkinson's Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1512","article-title":"Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion","volume":"31","author":"Talavage","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-021-01187-5","article-title":"Reproducibility of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating interstitial fluid diffusivity and glymphatic function: changes in alps index on multiple conditiON acquIsition eXperiment (CHAMONIX) study","volume":"40","author":"Taoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-021-01187-5","article-title":"Reproducibility of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating interstitial fluid diffusivity and glymphatic function: changes in alps index on multiple conditiON acquIsition eXperiment (CHAMONIX) study","volume":"40","author":"Taoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib36","first-page":"268","article-title":"Diffusion tensor image analysis ALong the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS): revisiting the meaning and significance of the method","volume":"23","author":"Taoka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci.: MRMS: An Offic. J. Japan Soc. Magnetic Resonance in Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib37","first-page":"268","article-title":"Diffusion tensor image analysis ALong the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS): revisiting the meaning and significance of the method","volume":"23","author":"Taoka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Sci.: MRMS: An Offic. J. Japan Soc. Magnetic Resonance in Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26892","article-title":"Glymphatic imaging using MRI","volume":"51","author":"Taoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imag.: JMRI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.07.026","article-title":"Glymphatic system dysfunction in mood disorders: evaluation by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"555","author":"Ueda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0186","article-title":"American football position-specific neurometabolic changes in high school athletes: a magnetic resonance spectroscopic study","volume":"39","author":"Vike","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-024-01602-7","article-title":"Evaluating the glymphatic system via magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular spaces in brain tumor patients","volume":"42","author":"Villacis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9246","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-895","article-title":"Relationship between glymphatic system dysfunction and cognitive impairment in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic traumatic brain injury: an analysis of the analysis along the perivascular space (ALPS) index","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant. Imag. Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib43","article-title":"Glymphatic dysfunction assessed by DTI-ALPS index predicts early cognitive impairment in acute subcortical infarcts: a prospective clinical cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4412","article-title":"Consistency of self-reported concussion history in adolescent athletes","volume":"34","author":"Wojtowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.4.JNS232724","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of the glymphatic system in diffuse gliomas using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space","volume":"142","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10122-3","article-title":"Glymphatic system impairment in Alzheimer's disease: associations with perivascular space volume and cognitive function","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8259","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-23-541","article-title":"Diffusion along the perivascular space as a potential biomarker for glioma grading and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation status prediction","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant. Imag. Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1443496","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of glymphatic changes following mild traumatic brain injury: insights from perivascular space burden and DTI-ALPS imaging","volume":"15","author":"Zhuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110256","article-title":"Player position in American football influences the magnitude of mechanical strains produced in the location of chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology: a computational modelling study","volume":"118","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["NeuroImage: Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666956025000637?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666956025000637?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T10:04:17Z","timestamp":1765447457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666956025000637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666956025000637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-9560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-9560","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Glymphatic system dysfunction associated with player position in collegiate American football players: A DTI-ALPS study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"NeuroImage: Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100295","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100295"}}