{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:29:18Z","timestamp":1786998558164,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurobiology of Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T10:38:05Z","timestamp":1587206285000},"page":"100223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dyslexia as an adaptation to cortico-limbic stress system reactivity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0568-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Kershner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.02.005","article-title":"Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network","volume":"65","author":"Andrews-Hanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib2","first-page":"877","article-title":"Stress-induced variation in evolution: from behavioral plasticity to genetic assimilation","volume":"277","author":"Badyaev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applying a network framework to the neurobiology of reading and dyslexia","volume":"10","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2007.09.010","article-title":"The link between dyslexic traits, executive functioning, impulsivity, and social self-esteem among an offender and non-offender sample","volume":"30","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Law Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oxidative stress implications in the affective disorders: main biometrics, animal models, genetic perspectives, and antioxidant approaches","author":"Balmus","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib6","volume":"vol. 92","author":"Bellis","year":"2014"},{"issue":"190","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why brain oscillations are improving our understanding of language","volume":"13","author":"Benitez-Burroco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2382-18.2019","volume":"39","author":"Berry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13020","article-title":"How children invented humanity","volume":"89","author":"Bjorklund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2017.03.007","article-title":"Associations between cortical thickness and neurocognitive skills during childhood vary by family socioeconomic factors","volume":"116","author":"Brito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Cognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21225","article-title":"Human neoteny revisited: the case of synaptic plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Bufill","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Human Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.09.033","article-title":"Plasticity of the epigenome during early-life stress","volume":"77","author":"Burns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.11.018","article-title":"The stress acceleration hypothesis: effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior","volume":"7","author":"Callaghan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0121-9","article-title":"How the epigenome integrates information and reshapes the synapse","volume":"20","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000808","article-title":"Epigenetic legacy of parental experience: dynamic and interacting pathways of inheritance","volume":"28","author":"Champagne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.008","article-title":"Visceral influences on brain and behavior","volume":"77","author":"Critchley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"7450","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1126\/science.365.6450.212","article-title":"A painful legacy","volume":"365","author":"Curry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.012","article-title":"Atypical right hemisphere response to slow temporal modulation in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"143","author":"Cutini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307947110","article-title":"Frequency in specific mechanisms links human brain networks for spatial skills","volume":"110","author":"Daitch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.072","article-title":"Atypical cortical entrainment to speech in the right hemisphere underpins phonemic deficits in dyslexia","volume":"175","author":"Di Liberto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of ROS and RNS sources on physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"1235049","author":"Di Meo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Child and environmental risk factors predicting readiness for learning in children at high risk of dyslexia","volume":"vol. 22","author":"Dilnot","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib23","first-page":"E1598","article-title":"Hererogeneity within the frontoparietal control network and its relationship to the default and dorsal attention networks","volume":"115","author":"Dixon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., Feb. 13."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1534","article-title":"Association between the K1AA0319 dyslexia susceptibility gene variants, antenatal maternal stress, and reading ability in a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"22","author":"D'Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/jasmr.jasmr_15_19","article-title":"Brain-derived factor and coenzyme Q10 levels in blood of children with LD","volume":"14","author":"Elhadidy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arab. Soc. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2019.03.001","article-title":"Effects of psychosocial stress on the hormonal and affective response in children with dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Espin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci. Educ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01443","article-title":"The functional role of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex in processing uncertainty","volume":"32","author":"FeldmanHall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112855","article-title":"The neurobiology of intervention and prevention in early adversity","volume":"12","author":"Fisher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"issue":"May 31","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav6885","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis in mammals","volume":"364","author":"Gage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib31","first-page":"905","article-title":"Sequence of information processing in emotions based on dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala","volume":"34","author":"Ghashghaei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"123","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.1","article-title":"Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood","volume":"19","author":"Gilmore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0188-z","article-title":"Fragility and volatility of structural hubs in the human connectome","volume":"21","author":"Gollo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib34","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Temporal context in speech processing and attentional stream selection: a behavioral and neural perspective","volume":"122","author":"Golumbic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.10.001","article-title":"A temporal sampling framework for developmental dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"Goswami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib36","article-title":"A neural oscillation perspective on phonological developmental and phonological processing in developmental dyslexia","volume":"13","author":"Goswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"LanguageLinguistic Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib37","series-title":"Ontogeny and Phylogeny","author":"Gould","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.11.020","article-title":"Aerobic glycolysis in the human brain is associated with developmental and neotenous gene expression","volume":"19","author":"Goyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.08.034","article-title":"Dynamic plasticity: the role of glucocorticoids, brain-derived neurotropic factor and other tropic factors","volume":"239","author":"Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000857","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of cognition: a circumscribed review of the field","volume":"28","author":"Gregorenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.06.041","article-title":"Neuroscience forefront review neuroepigenetics of stress","volume":"275","author":"Griffiths","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib42","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Burden of environmental adversity associated with psychopathology, maturation, and brain behavioral parameters in youth","volume":"May","author":"Gur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2897","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research","volume":"11","author":"Hackman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0458-y","article-title":"Anxiety and attentional bias in children with specific learning disorders","volume":"47","author":"Haft","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2016.1213266","article-title":"The home literacy environment A predictor of the early development of children a family risk of dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.03.008","article-title":"Neural noise hypothesis of developmental dyslexia","volume":"21","author":"Hancock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib47","series-title":"Genetics","author":"Hartwell","year":"2011"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133762","article-title":"Increased resting-state functional connectivity in the cingulo-opercular cognitive-control network after intervention in children with reading difficulties","volume":"10","author":"Horowitz-Kraus","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"10967","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation levels and altered cortisol reactivity in humans","volume":"7","author":"Houtepen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2260","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rapid and widespread white matter plasticity during an intensive reading intervention","volume":"9","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160135","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2016.0135","article-title":"The evolutionary implications of epigenetic inheritance","volume":"7","author":"Jablonka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12287","article-title":"Interactive effects of early and recent exposure to stressful contexts on cortisol reactivity in middle childhood","volume":"56","author":"Jaffe","year":"2015","journal-title":"JCPP (J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2018.12.001","article-title":"Neurobiological systems in dyslexia","volume":"14","author":"Kershner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650X.2019.1606820","article-title":"Neuroscience and education: cerebral lateralization of networks and oscillations in dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"Kershner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308240110","article-title":"Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.11.005","article-title":"Early life adversity: lasting consequences for emotional learning","volume":"6","author":"Krugers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-012-9218-z","article-title":"The evolution of canalization and evolvability in stable and fluctuating environments","volume":"40","author":"Le Rouzic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.002","article-title":"Altered low-gamma sampling in auditory cortex accounts for the three main facets of dyslexia","volume":"72","author":"Lehongre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.048","article-title":"Biological functions of autophagy genes: a disease perspective","volume":"176","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.09.007","article-title":"Maternal life stress events in pregnancy link to children's school achievement at age 10 years","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.127324.111","article-title":"Extension of cortical synaptic development distinguishes human from chimpanzees and macaques","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.014","article-title":"Trans effects on gene expression can drive omnigene inheritance","volume":"177","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4986","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22986","article-title":"Developmental evaluation of atypical auditory sampling in dyslexia: functional and structural evidence","volume":"36","author":"Lizarazu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2398","article-title":"Tuning gene expression to changing environments: from rapid response to evolutionary adaptation","volume":"9","author":"Lopez-Maury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.03.014","article-title":"Changes in emotional processing following interoceptive network stimulation with rTMS","volume":"406","author":"Mai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0907-17.2018","article-title":"Individual differences in reading skill are related to trial-by-trial neural activation in the reading network","volume":"38","author":"Malins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"21503","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib67","first-page":"1","article-title":"A large-scale perspective on stress-induced alterations in resting-state networks","volume":"6","author":"Maron-Katz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3208","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory","volume":"14","author":"Massaad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Norepinephrine ignites local hotspots of neuronal excitation: how arousal amplifies selectivity in perception and memory","author":"Mather","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBS (Behav. Brain. Sci.)"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1157-15.2019","article-title":"Altered DNA methylation in the developing brain of rats genetically prone to high anxiety versus low anxiety","volume":"39","author":"McCoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2006","article-title":"Physiological and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain","volume":"87","author":"McEwen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00896","article-title":"Prenatal stress, glucocorticoids, and developmental programming of the stress response","volume":"159","author":"McGowen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412458323","article-title":"Reading disability and adult attained education and income: evidence from a 30-year longitudinal study of a population-based sample","volume":"47","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"issue":"112468","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maternal deprivation impairs memory and cognitive flexibility, effect that is avoided by environmental enrichment","volume":"381","author":"Menezes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib75","first-page":"1","article-title":"The neural oscillation of speech processing and language comprehension: state of the art and emerging mechanisms","volume":"48","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2018.06.007","article-title":"Evolution and development of handedness: an Evo-Devo approach","volume":"238","author":"Michel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16480","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117943109","article-title":"Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution","volume":"109","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23206","article-title":"Out-of-Synchrony speech entrainment in developmental dyslexia","volume":"37","author":"Molinaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002111","article-title":"Characterizing social environmental associations with neurocognition using census and crime data linked to the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort","volume":"46","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0375-9","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is abundant in neurologically healthy subjects and drops sharply in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"25","author":"Moreno-Jimenez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward the language oscillogenome","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-11-0799","article-title":"Diverse and specific gene expression responses to stresses in cultured human cells","volume":"15","author":"Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib83","author":"National assessment of educational progress (NAEP)","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-018-0403-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of evolution by genetic assimilation: equivalence and independence of genetic mutation and epigenetic mechanisms in phenotypic expression","volume":"10","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biophysiol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00542.x","article-title":"Brain-behavior relationships in reading acquisition are modulated by socio-economic factors","volume":"9","author":"Noble","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.12.020","article-title":"DNA methylation signature in development and ageing of the human prefrontal cortex","volume":"90","author":"Numata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib87","article-title":"Neural entrainment and attentional selection in the listening brain","volume":"9","author":"Obleser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib88","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between socioeconomic status and white matter microstructure in pre-reading children: a longitudinal investigation","volume":"1","author":"Ozernov-Palchik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163548","article-title":"Relations among speech, language, and reading disorder","volume":"60","author":"Pennington","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"e207","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Response to psychotherapy in borderline personality disorder and methylation status of the BDNF gene","volume":"3","author":"Perroud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib91","first-page":"14","article-title":"Uncertainty and stress: why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain","volume":"156","author":"Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.029","article-title":"Neuronal small RNAs control behavior transgenerationally","volume":"177","author":"Posner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"777","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib93","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neural entrainment to rhythmic speech in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Power","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.032","article-title":"A tradeoff in the neural code across regions and species","volume":"176","author":"Pryluk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.04.004","article-title":"The relationship between phonological and auditory processing and brain organization in beginning readers","volume":"125","author":"Pugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.07.015","article-title":"Early child adversity and psychopathology in adulthood: HPA axis and cognitive dysregulation as potential mechanisms","volume":"85","author":"Raymond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.11.044","article-title":"Impramine reverses alterations in cytokines and BDNF levels induced by maternal deprivation in adult rats","volume":"242","author":"Reus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.028","article-title":"Lasting epigenetic influence of early life adversity on the BDNF gene","volume":"65","author":"Roth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.07.003","article-title":"The default mode network's role in discrete emotion","volume":"23","author":"Satpute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00056","article-title":"Global connectivity of the fronto-parietal cognitive control networks is related to depression symptoms in the general population","volume":"3","author":"Schultz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu184","article-title":"Resting-state and task-based functional brain connectivity in developmental dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"Schurz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007","article-title":"Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control","volume":"27","author":"Seeley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200803","article-title":"IQ is irrelevant of the definition of learning disability","volume":"22","author":"Siegel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5743","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900544106","article-title":"Transcriptional neoteny in the human brain","volume":"106","author":"Somel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001214","volume":"9","author":"Somel","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib106","series-title":"Right Hemisphere Superiority for Executive Cerebral Control of Attention","first-page":"1","author":"Spagna","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2017000","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Developmental plasticity: re-conceiving the genotype","volume":"7","author":"Sultan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.044","article-title":"Spatiotemporal control of CNS myelination by oligodendrocyte programmed cell death through TFEB-PUMA axis","volume":"175","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001936","article-title":"Dynamic changes in phase-amplitude coupling facilitates spatial attention control in fronto-parietal cortex","volume":"12","author":"Szczepanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611419521","article-title":"The brain basis of the phonological deficit in dyslexia is independent of IQ","volume":"22","author":"Tanaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.111","article-title":"The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and connectivity","volume":"17","author":"Teicher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib112","first-page":"1","article-title":"Newborn amygdala connectivity and emerging fear","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib113","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between biological and psychosocial risk factor and resting state functional connectivity in 2-month-old Bangladeshi infants","author":"Turesky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3857","article-title":"Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Udden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18578","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4465-11.2011","article-title":"Dynamic reconfiguration of structural and functional connectivity across core neurocognitive brain networks with development","volume":"31","author":"Udden","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4227-13.2014","article-title":"Precuneus is a functional core of the default-mode network","volume":"34","author":"Utevsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.07.007","article-title":"Developmental programming of ageing trajectory","volume":"47","author":"Vaiserman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04057.x","article-title":"Developmental programming of early brain and behavioral development and mental health: a conceptual framework","volume":"53","author":"Van den Bergh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.04.027","article-title":"Stress in the zoo: tracking the impact of stress on memory formation over time","volume":"71","author":"Vogel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02420.x","article-title":"A population genetic theory of canalization","volume":"51","author":"Wagner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503082102","article-title":"Perfusion functional MRI reveals cerebral blood patterns under psychological stress","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib122","first-page":"2469","article-title":"Development of tract-specific white matter pathways during early reading development in at-risk children and typical children","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.02.042","article-title":"Anterior insular cortex is a bottleneck of cognitive control","volume":"195","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.017","article-title":"The activation of interactive attentional networks","volume":"129","author":"Xuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","article-title":"The organization of the brain cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"106","author":"Yeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib126","first-page":"1","article-title":"Linking early life Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis function, brain asymmetries, and personality traits in dyslexia","author":"Zakopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx307","article-title":"He hierarchical organization of the default and salience networks in adolescents and young adults","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223_bib128","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multifactorial pathways facilitate resilience among kindergarteners at risk for dyslexia: a longitudinal behavioral and neuroimaging study","author":"Zuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory"}],"container-title":["Neurobiology of Stress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352289520300138?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352289520300138?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:08:41Z","timestamp":1762448921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352289520300138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":128,"alternative-id":["S2352289520300138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-2895"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-2895","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dyslexia as an adaptation to cortico-limbic stress system reactivity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Neurobiology of Stress","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100223"}}