{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:27:13Z","timestamp":1786998433664,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMN-139150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMN-139150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAF-94814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF-94814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto, Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T15:56:08Z","timestamp":1536681368000},"page":"112-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Correlations between population-levels of prescription opioid dispensing and related deaths in Ontario (Canada), 2005\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2186-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thepikaa","family":"Varatharajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Malta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kurdyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181ca4b1e","article-title":"Contributing factors to methadone-related deaths in Ontario","volume":"31","author":"Albion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.032","article-title":"Fentanyl and heroin contained in seized illicit drugs and overdose-related deaths in British Columbia, Canada: an observational analysis","volume":"185","author":"Baldwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.1.40","article-title":"Increase in deaths due to methadone in North Carolina","volume":"290","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0020","series-title":"Public Health Emergency in BC","author":"BC Centre for Disease Control","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0025","series-title":"Essentials of Pain Medicine","author":"Benzon","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000011","article-title":"Trends and regional variation in opioid overdose mortality among Veterans Health Administration patients, fiscal year 2001 to 2009","volume":"30","author":"Bohnert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E247","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170958","article-title":"Management of opioid use disorders: a national clinical practice guideline","volume":"190","author":"Bruneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E659","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170363","article-title":"Guideline for opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain","volume":"189","author":"Busse","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13450","article-title":"The impact of codeine re-scheduling on misuse: a retrospective review of calls to Australia's largest poisons centre","volume":"111","author":"Cairns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0045","series-title":"Index of \/en","author":"Canadian CompuScript","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0050","author":"Canadian Institute for Health Information"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112","article-title":"Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century","volume":"112","author":"Case","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559","article-title":"The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop","volume":"162","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143","article-title":"Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United States","volume":"372","author":"Dart","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0323-x","article-title":"Complete republication: National Association of Medical Examiners position paper: recommendations for the investigation, diagnosis, and certification of deaths related to opioid drugs","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain\u2014United States, 2016","volume":"315","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0080","article-title":"Revisiting the \u2018paradigm shift\u2019 in opioid use: developments and implications 10\u202fyears later","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2190","article-title":"Differences and over-time changes in levels of prescription opioid analgesic dispensing from retail pharmacies in Canada, 2005\u20132010","volume":"20","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3404","article-title":"High correlations between levels of consumption and mortality related to strong prescription opioid analgesics in British Columbia and Ontario, 2005\u20132009","volume":"22","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-90","article-title":"Trends and changes in prescription opioid analgesic dispensing in Canada 2005\u20132012: an update with a focus on recent interventions","volume":"14","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12089","article-title":"Correlations between prescription opioid analgesic dispensing levels and related mortality and morbidity in Ontario, Canada, 2005\u20132011","volume":"33","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12224","article-title":"Non-medical use of prescription opioids and prescription opioid-related harms: why so markedly higher in North America compared to the rest of the world?","volume":"109","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0110","article-title":"Recent developments in prescription opioid-related dispensing and harm indicators in Ontario, Canada","volume":"18","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3901","article-title":"Prescription opioids, abuse and public health in Canada: is fentanyl the new centre of the opioid crisis?","volume":"24","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-016-0055-4","article-title":"Treatment of prescription opioid disorders in Canada: looking at the \u2018other epidemic\u2019?","volume":"11","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Treat. Prev. Policy"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160356","article-title":"Effective Canadian policy to reduce harms from prescription opioids: learning from past failures","volume":"188","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4253","article-title":"\u2018Delisting\u2019 OxyContin\u00ae to reduce prescription opioid-related harms in Ontario (Canada)\u2014gauging effects 5\u202fyears later","volume":"26","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.11.001","article-title":"The \u2018fentanyl epidemic\u2019 in Canada\u2013some cautionary observations focusing on opioid-related mortality","volume":"107","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.3.219","article-title":"Patterns, changes, and trends in prescription opioid dispensing in Canada, 2005\u20132016","volume":"21","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2","article-title":"Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid\u2013involved overdose deaths \u2014 27 states, 2013\u20132014","volume":"65","author":"Gladden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000431","article-title":"Geographic variations in prescription opioid dispensations and deaths among women and men in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"53","author":"Gladstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.12927\/hcq.2016.24568","article-title":"Opioid use and overdose: what we've learned in Ontario","volume":"18","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Healthc. Q."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20140027","article-title":"Impact of legislation and a prescription monitoring program on the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescriptions for monitored drugs in Ontario: a time series analysis","volume":"2","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12598","article-title":"The burden of premature opioid-related mortality","volume":"109","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0170","first-page":"826","article-title":"Trends in high-dose opioid prescribing in Canada","volume":"60","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0175","author":"Gomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0217","article-title":"The burden of opioid-related mortality in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0185","series-title":"Use of the World Health Organization Defined Daily Dose in Canadian Drug Utilization and Cost Analyses","author":"Government of Canada","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0190","article-title":"U.S. addiction-treatment firm buys Ontario methadone clinics","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Globe and Mail"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.007","article-title":"Epidemiologic trends and geographic patterns of fatal opioid intoxications in Connecticut, USA: 1997\u20132007","volume":"115","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.002","article-title":"Patterns of physician prescribing for opioid maintenance treatment in Ontario, Canada in 2014","volume":"177","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6626a4","article-title":"Vital signs: changes in opioid prescribing in the United States, 2006\u20132015","volume":"66","author":"Guy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0210","series-title":"9 Million Prescriptions: What We Know About the Growing Use of Prescription Opioids in Ontario","author":"Health Quality Ontario","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0215","series-title":"NCHS Data Brief, No 273","article-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132015","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0220","article-title":"How Canada got addicted to fentanyl","author":"Howlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Globe and Mail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0225","author":"IMS Brogan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0230","author":"International Narcotics Control Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0235","author":"International Narcotics Control Board"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0240","first-page":"81","article-title":"Use and abuse of prescription opioids in Canada 1978 to 1989","volume":"2","author":"Isaac","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.272","article-title":"Pharmaceutical overdose deaths, United States, 2010","volume":"309","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122957","article-title":"The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health approach to an epidemic of addiction","volume":"36","author":"Kolodny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0255","first-page":"e95","article-title":"Patterns of methadone maintenance treatment provision in Ontario: policy success or pendulum excess?","volume":"64","author":"Kurdyak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.04.008","article-title":"Predictors of opioid-related death during methadone therapy","volume":"57","author":"Leece","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0265","series-title":"A cross-Canada scan of methadone maintenance treatment policy developments","author":"Luce","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/1715163516660572","article-title":"Tighter regulations needed for over-the-counter codeine in Canada","volume":"149","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Pharm. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181e8af3d","article-title":"The methadone epidemic: methadone-related deaths on the rise in Vermont","volume":"32","author":"Madden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000211812.27558.6e","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of drugs of abuse: current knowledge of the isoenzymes involved in the human metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and codeine","volume":"28","author":"Maurer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.006","article-title":"Relationship of opioid prescription sales and overdoses, North Carolina","volume":"132","author":"Modarai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-1225-0","article-title":"Methadone deaths: risk factors in pain and addicted populations","volume":"25","author":"Modesto-Lowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4168","article-title":"Defined daily doses (DDD) do not accurately reflect opioid doses used in contemporary chronic pain treatment","volume":"26","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081513","article-title":"Medical profiteering: the economics of methadone dispensation","volume":"180","author":"Nosyk","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01350.x","article-title":"Interpretation of urine drug testing in pain patients","volume":"13","author":"Pesce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0310","series-title":"National Report: Apparent Opioid-related Deaths in Canada (Released March 2018)","author":"PHAC","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0315","article-title":"Overuse and misuse of methadone treatment is an epidemic","author":"Picard","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Globe and Mail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0320","series-title":"Opioid-related Morbidity and Mortality in Ontario","author":"Public Health Ontario","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0325","series-title":"Technical Notes: Interactive Opioid Tool","author":"Public Health Ontario","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0330","series-title":"A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0335","series-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"2008"},{"issue":"50\u201351","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1","article-title":"Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths \u2014 United States, 2010\u20132015","volume":"65","author":"Rudd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180218","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0218","article-title":"Suggested paths to fixing the opioid crisis: directions and misdirections","volume":"1","author":"Samet","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.017","article-title":"Associations between pain clinic density and distributions of opioid pain relievers, drug-related deaths, hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and neonatal abstinence syndrome in Florida","volume":"133","author":"Sauber-Schatz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1604339","article-title":"Treatment of opioid-use disorders","volume":"375","author":"Schuckit","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0360","author":"Statistics Canada"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4851","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4851","article-title":"Impact of supervision of methadone consumption on deaths related to methadone overdose (1993\u20132008): analyses using OD4 index in England and Scotland","volume":"341","author":"Strang","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.10.006","article-title":"A review of opioid dependence treatment: pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to treat opioid addiction","volume":"30","author":"Veilleux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01132.x","article-title":"Obtaining adequate data to determine causes of opioid-related overdose deaths","volume":"12","author":"Webster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0380","article-title":"The opioid epidemic and the future of public health emergencies","volume":"14","author":"Wetter","year":"2018","journal-title":"ABA Health eSource"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0385","series-title":"ATC\/DDD Index 2018","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001_bb0390","series-title":"Definition and General Considerations","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091743518302792?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091743518302792?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:01:18Z","timestamp":1758794478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0091743518302792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S0091743518302792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-7435"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-7435","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Correlations between population-levels of prescription opioid dispensing and related deaths in Ontario (Canada), 2005\u20132016","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Preventive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.09.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}