{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:50:49Z","timestamp":1791820249494,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"PinneyAssociates"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T11:31:38Z","timestamp":1571398298000},"page":"105852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The nexus of opioids, pain, and addiction: Challenges and solutions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Jack E.","family":"Henningfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy B.","family":"Ashworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen K.","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernie","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney H.","family":"Schnoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0005","author":"Ahmad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1807054","article-title":"Prevention of opioid overdose","volume":"380","author":"Babu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx146","article-title":"Pain management for primary care providers: a narrative review of high-impact studies, 2014-2016","volume":"19","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.018","article-title":"Psychedelics: where we are now, why we got here, what we must do","volume":"142","author":"Belouin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.443","article-title":"Reinforcer pathology: the behavioral economics of abuse liability testing","volume":"101","author":"Bickel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.04.026","article-title":"Electronic cigarette substitution in the experimental tobacco marketplace: a review","volume":"117","author":"Bickel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5790","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5790","article-title":"Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: retrospective cohort study","volume":"360","author":"Brat","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16070792","article-title":"The role of behavioral interventions in buprenorphine maintenance treatment: a review","volume":"174","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0045","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0050","author":"Christie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0055","author":"Coe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0060","unstructured":"Crime and Justice News (2019). Most police not carrying overdose antidote naloxone. The Crime Report From John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY. Retrieved from: https:\/\/thecrimereport.org\/2019\/05\/01\/most-police-not-carrying-overdose-antidote-naloxone\/. August 29, 2019."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb9000","unstructured":"DEA, 2018 is: Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice, United States, DEA propose significant opioid manufacturing reduction in 2019. Accessed October 21, 2019 at https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/press-releases\/2018\/08\/16\/justice-department-dea-propose-significant-opioid-manufacturing-reduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2016.01.012","article-title":"Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of R&D costs","volume":"47","author":"DiMasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0098858816644712","article-title":"Between a rock and a hard place: can physicians prescribe opioids to treat pain adequately while avoiding legal sanction?","volume":"42","author":"Dineen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J.L. & Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0075","series-title":"Politico","article-title":"How the opioid crackdown is backfiring","author":"Ehley","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0080","series-title":"MedPage Today","article-title":"Race, pain, and opioid prescribing","author":"Firth","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.6721","article-title":"Assessment of racial\/ethnic and income disparities in the prescription of opioids and other controlled medications in California","author":"Friedman","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0090","series-title":"Paper Presented at the Pre-Market Evaluation of Abuse-Deterrent Properties of Opioid Drug Products; Public Meeting, Hyattsville, MD","article-title":"VA: abuse deterrent opioid medication","author":"Good","year":"2014"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14371","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of kratom","volume":"113","author":"Grundmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.6989","article-title":"County-level opioid prescribing in the United States, 2015 and 2017","author":"Guy","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32259-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a monthly burpenorphine depot injection for opioid use disorder: a multicentre, randomise, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"393","author":"Haight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.08.024","article-title":"Psychedelics - re-opening the doors of perception","volume":"142","author":"Heal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0115","author":"Health Professionals for Patients in Pain (HP3)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0120","series-title":"Los Angeles Times","article-title":"Why opioids hit white areas harder: doctors there prescribe more readily, study finds","author":"Healy","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0125","author":"Henningfield"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0130","author":"Henningfield"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0135","series-title":"New York Times","article-title":"Good news: opioid prescribing fell. The bad? Pain patients suffer, doctors say","author":"Hoffman","year":"2019"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516047113","article-title":"Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites","volume":"113","author":"Hoffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0145","series-title":"STAT","article-title":"The costs of heroin and naloxone: a tragic snapshot of the opioid crisis","author":"Hufford","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0150","series-title":"Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research","article-title":"The national academies collection: reports funded by National Institutes of Health","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0155","author":"Inter-Agency Task Force"},{"issue":"6408","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau1184","article-title":"Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016","volume":"361","author":"Jalal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0165","series-title":"Focus Blog","article-title":"CDC data: Life expectancy decreases as deaths from suicide, drug overdose increase","author":"Joszt","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0170","series-title":"Pharmaceutical Marketing: Principles, Environment, and Practice","author":"Kolassa","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0175","first-page":"viii","article-title":"Drug addiction in America: challenges and opportunities","volume":"168","author":"Koop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.098962","article-title":"Health and health care for the 21st century: for all the people","volume":"96","author":"Koop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pub. Hlth."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876","article-title":"Buprenorphine treatment divide by race\/ethnicity and payment","volume":"76","author":"Lagisetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0190","series-title":"Washington Post","article-title":"Are restrictions on opioids a threat to human rights?","author":"Lane","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0195","series-title":"National Pain Report","article-title":"What is largest chronic pain patient survey showing?","author":"Lewis","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0200","series-title":"But There's a Catch.Vox, July 17, 2019","article-title":"New data shows drug overdose deaths fell in 2018","author":"Lopez","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S160255","article-title":"Efficacy of opioids versus placebo in chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of enriched enrollment randomized withdrawal trials","volume":"11","author":"Meske","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0210","series-title":"NHCS Data Brief","article-title":"Mortality in the United States, 2017","author":"Murphy","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0215","author":"National Institute of Health (NIH)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0220","series-title":"STAT News","article-title":"Overzealous use of the CDC's opioid prescribing guideline is harming pain patients","author":"Nicholson","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0830","article-title":"Chronic pain among suicide decedents, 2003 to 2014: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System","volume":"169","author":"Petrosky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0230","series-title":"Requesting an immediate moratorium on the approval of new drug applications for new opioids or new opioid formulations","author":"Public Citizen","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0235","series-title":"STAT News","article-title":"Opioid stigma is keeping many cancer patients from getting the pain control they need","author":"Ray","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013628","article-title":"Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain: controversies, current status, and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0245","series-title":"National Pain Report","article-title":"FDA incentivizing pharma to develop less abusable pain medicines","author":"Schnoll","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/15360288.2016.1241335","article-title":"Response to Kolodny: negative outcomes of unbalanced opioid policy supported by clinicians, politicians, and the media","volume":"30","author":"Scholten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.08.021","article-title":"Access to treatment with controlled medicines rationale and recommendations for neutral, precise, and respectful language","volume":"153","author":"Scholten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pub. Hlth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.022","article-title":"Behavioral economic demand metrics for abuse deterrent and abuse potential quantification","volume":"198","author":"Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.07.030","article-title":"Bridging waitlist delays with interim buprenorphine treatment: initial feasibility","volume":"51","author":"Sigmon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0270","series-title":"MAT Legislation, Regulations, and Guidelines","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adminstration (SAMHSA)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0275","series-title":"Buprenorphine Waiver Management","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adminstration (SAMHSA)","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.012","article-title":"Kratom use and mental health: a systematic review","volume":"183","author":"Swogger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.06.007","article-title":"Opioid users' willingness to receive prolong-release buprenorphine depot injections for opioid use disorder","volume":"104","author":"Tompkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/196025","article-title":"Pain management strategies and lessons from the military: a narrative review","volume":"20","author":"Vallerand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1706626","article-title":"The role of science in addressing the opioid crisis","volume":"377","author":"Volkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1507771","article-title":"Opioid abuse in chronic pain \u2014 misconceptions and mitigation strategies","volume":"374","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1511480","article-title":"Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction","volume":"374","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-011817-044739","article-title":"Use and misuse of opioids in chronic pain","volume":"69","author":"Volkow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852_bb0320","series-title":"The Atlantic","article-title":"The long history of discrimination in pain medicine","author":"Zhang","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091743519303287?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091743519303287?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:01:20Z","timestamp":1758794480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0091743519303287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S0091743519303287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-7435"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-7435","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The nexus of opioids, pain, and addiction: Challenges and solutions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Preventive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105852","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105852"}}