{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:51:58Z","timestamp":1774918318940,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T02:09:57Z","timestamp":1594260597000},"page":"106194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Longitudinal trends in nonmedical prescription opioid use in a cohort of rural Appalachian people who use drugs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Havens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April M.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Lofwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002718","article-title":"Treatment of chronic pain with various buprenorphine formulations: a systematic review of clinical studies","volume":"127","author":"Aiyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1, M., Santaella, J., Marshall, B.D., Kim, J.H., Martins, S.S., 2015. Nonmedical prescription opioid use in childhood and early adolescence predicts transitions to heroin use in young adulthood: a national study. J Pediatr 167:605-12.e1-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.04.071"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.8826","article-title":"Helping to end addiction over the long-term: the research plan for the NIH HEAL initiative","volume":"320","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","article-title":"Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use","volume":"374","author":"Compton","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniulaityte, R., Silverstein, S.M., Crawford, T.N., Martins, S.S., Zule, W., Zaragoza, A.J., Carlson, R.G., 2020. Methamphetamine Use and Its Correlates among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder in a Midwestern U.S. City. Subst Use Misuse:1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1765805"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain\u2014United States, 2016","volume":"315","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eccleston, C., Fisher, E., Thomas, K.H., Hearn, L., Derry, S., Stannard, C., Knaggs, R., Moore, R.A., 2017. Interventions for the reduction of prescribed opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 11:Cd010323.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010323.pub3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.029","article-title":"Twin epidemics: the surging rise of methamphetamine use in chronic opioid users","volume":"193","author":"Ellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.1321","article-title":"Four states with robust prescription drug monitoring programs reduced opioid dosages","volume":"37","author":"Haffajee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2016.08.010","article-title":"Opiate injection-associated infective endocarditis in the southeastern United States","volume":"352","author":"Hartman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.008","article-title":"Prevalence of opioid analgesic injection among rural nonmedical opioid analgesic users","volume":"87","author":"Havens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300874","article-title":"Individual and network factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C infection among rural Appalachian injection drug users","volume":"103","author":"Havens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2003.0035","article-title":"Seeking drug treatment for OxyContin abuse: a chart review of consecutive admissions to a substance abuse treatment facility in Kentucky","volume":"1","author":"Hays","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network: JNCCN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.503","article-title":"A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts","volume":"58","author":"Hser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000052","article-title":"Long-term course of opioid addiction","volume":"23","author":"Hser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00088-5","article-title":"Retention and patient engagement models for different treatment modalities in DATOS","volume":"57","author":"Joe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.007","article-title":"Heroin use and heroin use risk behaviors among nonmedical users of prescription opioid pain relievers - United States, 2002-2004 and 2008-2010","volume":"132","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200402000-00020","article-title":"Adolescent OxyContin abuse","volume":"43","author":"Katz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X16683928","article-title":"Estimating state transitions for opioid use disorders","volume":"37","author":"Krebs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32812-X","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone versus buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid relapse prevention (X:BOT): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"391","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.025","article-title":"Inability to access buprenorphine treatment as a risk factor for using diverted buprenorphine","volume":"126","author":"Lofwall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12300","article-title":"Trends and patterns of opioid analgesic prescribing: regional and rural-urban variations in Kentucky from 2012 to 2015","volume":"35","author":"Luu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rural. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9345157.x","article-title":"The efficacy of methadone maintenance interventions in reducing illicit opiate use, HIV risk behavior and criminality: a meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Marsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattick, R.P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., Davoli, M., 2009. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews:Cd002209.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002209.pub2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattick, R.P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., Davoli, M., 2014. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:Cd002207.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.014","article-title":"Opioid use trajectory groups and changes in a physical health biomarker among HIV-positive and uninfected patients receiving opioid agonist treatment","volume":"204","author":"McGinnis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002426","article-title":"Alternatives to opioids in the pharmacologic management of chronic pain syndromes: a narrative review of randomized, controlled, and blinded clinical trials","volume":"125","author":"Nicol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S168504","article-title":"Gabapentin use, abuse, and the US opioid epidemic: the case for reclassification as a controlled substance and the need for pharmacovigilance","volume":"11","author":"Peckham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S24800","article-title":"Problematic use of prescription-type opioids prior to heroin use among young heroin injectors","volume":"2","author":"Pollini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.018","article-title":"Prevalence of gabapentin in drug overdose postmortem toxicology testing results","volume":"186","author":"Slavova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14101272","article-title":"Abuse and diversion of gabapentin among nonmedical prescription opioid users in Appalachian Kentucky","volume":"172","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.02.030","article-title":"Residential and outpatient treatment completion for substance use disorders in the U.S.: moderation analysis by demographics and drug of choice","volume":"58","author":"Stahler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107592","article-title":"A nationally representative analysis of \u201ctwin epidemics\u201d: rising rates of methamphetamine use among persons who use opioids","volume":"204","author":"Strickland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1706626","article-title":"The role of science in addressing the opioid crisis","volume":"377","author":"Volkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0175","series-title":"Prevention and Treatment of Opioid Misuse and Addiction: A Review","author":"Volkow","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00103","article-title":"Prescription drug monitoring program mandates: impact on opioid prescribing and related hospital use","volume":"38","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-203935","article-title":"Spatial, temporal and relational patterns in respondent-driven sampling: evidence from a social network study of rural drug users","volume":"68","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"}],"container-title":["Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091743520302188?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091743520302188?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:09:32Z","timestamp":1758794972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0091743520302188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0091743520302188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-7435"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-7435","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Longitudinal trends in nonmedical prescription opioid use in a cohort of rural Appalachian people who use drugs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Preventive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106194","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106194"}}