{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T06:16:41Z","timestamp":1794291401131,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T18:41:26Z","timestamp":1630176086000},"page":"106541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["The fourth wave of the US opioid epidemic and its implications for the rural US: A federal perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0005","series-title":"Overdose Detection Mapping Application Program","article-title":"COVID-19 impact on US national overdose crisis","author":"Alter","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2099","article-title":"Barriers rural physicians face prescribing buprenorphine for opioid use disorder","volume":"15","author":"Andrilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12307","article-title":"Geographic distribution of providers with a DEA waiver to prescribe buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder: A 5-year update","volume":"35","author":"Andrilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rural. Health"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0020","first-page":"42","article-title":"Harnessing peer networks as an instrument for AIDS prevention: results from a peer-driven intervention","volume":"113","author":"Broadhead","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0025","author":"Centers for Disease Control & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0030","author":"Centers for Disease Control & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0035","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0040","author":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.010","article-title":"The triple wave epidemic: supply and demand drivers of the US opioid overdose crisis","volume":"71","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3655","article-title":"Effects of mirtazapine for methamphetamine use disorder among cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men: A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Coffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","article-title":"Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use","volume":"374","author":"Compton","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0060","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions for individuals with cocaine and amphetamine addiction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","author":"De Crescenzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PlosMed"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0283","article-title":"The limitations of poor broadband internet access for telemedicine use in rural America: an observational study","volume":"171","author":"Drake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0070","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107826","article-title":"Methamphetamine use and violence: findings from a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"207","author":"Foulds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0080","series-title":"Small Town, Big-Time Heroin Use","author":"Fox","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0085","series-title":"Coronavirus Crisis Disrupts Treatment for Another Epidemic: Addiction","author":"Giles","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0090","series-title":"Contingency Management: A Highly Effective Treatment for Substance Use Disorders and the Legal Barriers that Stand in its Way","author":"Glass","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.042432","article-title":"Rural definitions for health policy and research","volume":"95","author":"Hart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990802326298","article-title":"Prescription opiate misuse among rural stimulant users in a multistate community-based study","volume":"35","author":"Havens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0105","series-title":"Increase in drug overdose deaths involving cocaine: United States, 2009\u20132018","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.306149","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States during the years 2010 to 2018","author":"Holtzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.11.014","article-title":"What is a rural opioid risk and policy environment?","volume":"85","author":"Jenkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0120","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effects of amphetamine on sexual behavior of male iv drug users in Stockholm: a pilot study","volume":"4","author":"K\u00e4ll","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS Educ. Prev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14793","article-title":"Dropout rates of inperson psychosocial substance use disorder treatments: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Lappan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316071","article-title":"Stroke and methamphetamine use in young adults: a review","volume":"88","author":"Lappin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0135","series-title":"The NSDUH: Trends in Heroin Use in the United States, 2002 to 2013","author":"Lipari","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0140","series-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Nonfatal drug and polydrug overdoses treated in Emergency Departments \u2014 29 States, 2018\u20132019","volume":"vol. 69","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S239","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa112","article-title":"Responding to outbreaks of human immunodeficiency virus among persons who inject drugs\u2014United States, 2016\u20132019: perspectives on recent experience and lessons learned","volume":"222","author":"Lyss","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108243","article-title":"Interest in reducing methamphetamine and opioid use among syringe services program participants in Washington state","volume":"216","author":"McMahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0155","author":"Millennium Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0160","series-title":"Ending Discrimination Against People With Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Evidence for Stigma Change","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00416-w","article-title":"Hostility, compassion and role reversal in West Virginia's long opioid overdose emergency","volume":"17","author":"Ondocsin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0246","article-title":"Neurobiology, clinical presentation and treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: a review","volume":"77","author":"Paulus","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0175","first-page":"463","article-title":"The young adult chronic patient: overview of a population","volume":"32","author":"Pepper","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hosp. Community Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02879.x","article-title":"Contingency management treatments: controversies and challenges [editorial]","volume":"105","author":"Petry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1735","article-title":"Geographic and specialty distribution of US physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder","volume":"13","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107779","article-title":"The rapidly changing US illicit drug market and the potential for an improved early warning system: evidence from Ohio drug crime labs","volume":"208","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108162","article-title":"Substance use patterns and health profiles among US adults who use opioids, methamphetamine, or both, 2015-2018","volume":"214","author":"Shearer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1812","article-title":"Trends in U.S. drug overdose deaths in non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites: 2000\u20132015","volume":"168","author":"Shiels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0205","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0210","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0215","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020214","article-title":"Bupropion and naltrexone in methamphetamine use disorder","volume":"384","author":"Trivedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.10.005","article-title":"Association between methamphetamine use and retention among patients with opioid use disorders treated with buprenorphine","volume":"109","author":"Tsui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0230","series-title":"Emerging Issues in the Opioid Crisis","author":"Volkow","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0240","series-title":"Vital Signs: Trends in HIV Diagnoses, Risk Behaviors, and Prevention Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - United States","first-page":"1336","volume":"vol. 65","author":"Wejnert","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490490436055","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users","volume":"13","author":"Zweben","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."}],"container-title":["Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091743521001250?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091743521001250?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:11:58Z","timestamp":1758795118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0091743521001250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0091743521001250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-7435"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-7435","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The fourth wave of the US opioid epidemic and its implications for the rural US: A federal perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Preventive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106541","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106541"}}