{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:48:27Z","timestamp":1790851707876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]],"date-time":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1070236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,11]],"date-time":"2003-10-11T05:41:53Z","timestamp":1065850913000},"page":"378-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["Dioxin and cancer: a critical review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Trichopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harris","family":"Pastides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack S","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700260210","article-title":"Mortality and cancer morbidity of Finnish chlorophenoxy herbicide applicators: an 18-year prospective follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Asp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1021\/es960192r","article-title":"Relative susceptibility of animals and humans to the cancer hazard posed by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using internal measures of dose","volume":"30","author":"Aylward","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00052936","article-title":"Cancer mortality in German male workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides and dioxins","volume":"7","author":"Becher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106663","article-title":"Quantitative cancer risk assessment for dioxins using an occupational cohort","volume":"106","author":"Becher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199309000-00004","article-title":"Cancer incidence in a population accidentally exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin","volume":"4","author":"Bertazzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB6","first-page":"294","article-title":"Cancer mortality, 1976\u20131991, in a population exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin","volume":"30","author":"Bertazzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Organohalogen Compounds"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106625","article-title":"The Seveso studies on early and long-term effects of dioxin exposure: a review","volume":"106","author":"Bertazzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.11.1031","article-title":"Health effects of dioxin exposure: a 20-year mortality study","volume":"153","author":"Bertazzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)90037-X","article-title":"Risk of testicular cancer associated with surrogate measures of Agent Orange exposure among Vietnam veterans on the Agent Orange Registry","volume":"4","author":"Bullman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00907.x","article-title":"The dose\u2013response model for dioxin [letter]","volume":"18","author":"Byrd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199201000-00013","article-title":"Reconciling old and new findings on dioxin","volume":"3","author":"Collins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crump, K.S., Canady, R., Kogevinas, M., 2003. Meta-analysis of dioxin cancer dose\u2013response for three occupational cohorts. Environ. Health Perspect. 111, 681\u2013687, doi:10.1289\/ehp.5831 [Online 30 October 2002]","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5831"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199706)31:6<719::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Mortality among Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans","volume":"31","author":"Dalager","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199107000-00009","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma among Vietnam veterans","volume":"33","author":"Dalager","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(95)00038-9","article-title":"Hodgkin\u2019s disease and Vietnam service","volume":"5","author":"Dalager","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB16","first-page":"78","article-title":"Further analysis of the NIOSH study of mortality among workers who produced chemicals contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin","author":"Delzell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Manufact. Assoc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.6.486","article-title":"Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study","volume":"82","author":"Eriksson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199101243240402","article-title":"Cancer mortality in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin","volume":"324","author":"Fingerhut","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199201000-00014","article-title":"Old and new reflections on dioxin","volume":"3","author":"Fingerhut","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117575","article-title":"Exposure to polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD\/F) and mortality in a cohort of workers from a herbicide-producing plant in Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany","volume":"142","author":"Flesch-Janys","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB21","first-page":"234","article-title":"A cohort mortality study of forestry workers exposed to phenoxy acid herbicides","volume":"48","author":"Green","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2557","article-title":"Relation of soft-tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and colon cancer to phenoxy acids, chlorophenols and other agents","volume":"7","author":"Hardell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"issue":"5\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(97)00447-5","article-title":"The relative susceptibility of animals and humans to the carcinogenic hazard posed by exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD: an analysis using standard and internal measures of dose","volume":"34","author":"Hays","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB24","first-page":"185","article-title":"Preliminary results of the second follow-up of a Dutch cohort of workers occupationally exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and contaminants","volume":"30","author":"Hooiveld","year":"1996","journal-title":"Organohalogen Compounds"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009543","article-title":"Second follow-up of a Dutch cohort occupationally exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and contaminants","volume":"147","author":"Hooiveld","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/148.7.693","article-title":"Occupational chlorophenol exposure and soft tissue sarcoma risk among men aged 30\u201360 years","volume":"148","author":"Hoppin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB27","unstructured":"International Agency for the Research of Cancer, 1997, Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. vol. 69. Lyon, France"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009863","article-title":"Serum dioxin and cancer in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand","volume":"149","author":"Ketchum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009069","article-title":"Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. An expanded and updated international cohort study","volume":"145","author":"Kogevinas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116206","article-title":"Tests for trend and dose response: misinterpretations and alternatives","volume":"135","author":"Maclure","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199708000-00009","article-title":"A case-control study of lung cancer among Vietnam veterans","volume":"39","author":"Mahan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"8773","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91835-I","article-title":"Cancer mortality among workers in chemical plant contaminated with dioxin","volume":"338","author":"Manz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009699","article-title":"Postservice mortality of US Air Force veterans occupationally exposed to herbicides in Vietnam: 15-year follow-up","volume":"148","author":"Michalek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.9.606","article-title":"Cause specific mortality and cancer incidence among employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after a 1953 reactor accident","volume":"53","author":"Ott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.2.126","article-title":"Dioxin exposure and non-malignant health effects: a mortality study","volume":"55","author":"Pesatori","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00052144","article-title":"Extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Poole","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.11.1045","article-title":"Invited commentary: how do the Seveso findings affect conclusions concerning TCDD as a human carcinogen?","volume":"153","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/64.1.7","article-title":"Significant shortcomings of the US Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s latest draft risk characterization for dioxin-like compounds","volume":"64","author":"Starr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starr, T.B., 2003. Significant issues raised by meta-analyses of cancer mortality and dioxin exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 111, 1443\u20131447; doi:10.1289\/ehp.6219. Available via <http:\/\/dx.doi.org [Online 22 May 2003]","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6219"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.9.779","article-title":"Cancer, heart disease, and diabetes in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin","volume":"91","author":"Steenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB41","unstructured":"US EPA, Part III: Integrated summary and risk characterization for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. September 2000 SAB Review Draft. EPA\/600\/P-00\/001Bg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199107000-00010","article-title":"Mortality among Vietnam veterans: with methodological considerations","volume":"33","author":"Watanabe","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383591","article-title":"Thirty-four-year mortality follow-up of BASF employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after the 1953 accident","volume":"62","author":"Zober","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6866(1997)17:4\/5<249::AID-TCM7>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"BASF studies: epidemiological and clinical investigations on dioxin-exposed chemical workers","volume":"17","author":"Zober","year":"1997","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen."}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027323000300103X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S027323000300103X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T13:26:27Z","timestamp":1550669187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S027323000300103X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S027323000300103X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.08.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}}}