{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:57:06Z","timestamp":1791154626993,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]],"date-time":"2005-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,16]],"date-time":"2004-12-16T15:34:26Z","timestamp":1103211266000},"page":"82-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Dermal absorption of 2,4-D: a review of species differences"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"John H.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Driver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard I.","family":"Maibach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib1","series-title":"Goodman and Gilman\u2019s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics: the dynamics of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination","author":"Benet","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib2","series-title":"Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides American Chemical Society Symposium Series No. 542","article-title":"Dermal absorption and disposition of formulations of malathion in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats and humans","author":"Dary","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib3","unstructured":"Donahue, J., 1996. Revised policy on dermal absorption default for pesticides. HSM-96005. Worker Health and Safety Branch, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12259184","article-title":"Absorption of some organic compounds through the skin in man","volume":"54","author":"Feldmann","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(74)90137-9","article-title":"Percutaneous penetration of some pesticides and herbicides in man","volume":"28","author":"Feldmann","year":"1974","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(87)90025-X","article-title":"Acute pharmacokinetic, and subchronic toxicological studies of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid","volume":"9","author":"Gorzinski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(85)90121-X","article-title":"Dermal absorption of pesticides in mice","volume":"24","author":"Grissom","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399209531634","article-title":"Percutaneous penetration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-D dimethylamine salt in human volunteers","volume":"36","author":"Harris","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007952","article-title":"The development of a new method to estimate total daily dose of pesticides in professional turf applicators following multiple and varied exposures in occupational settings","volume":"74","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500208","article-title":"Development of models to predict dose of pesticides in professional turf applicators","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Expos. Anal Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib11","unstructured":"Keigwin, T.L., 1998. PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide: Estimates of Worker Exposure From the Pesticide Handler Exposure Database Version 1.1. U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.3.152","article-title":"Assessment of exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the chemical industry: results of a five year biological monitoring study","volume":"51","author":"Knopp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib13","series-title":"Principles and Methods of Toxicology","first-page":"149","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in toxicology","author":"Krishnan","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib14","unstructured":"Maibach, H.I., Feldmann, R.J., 1974. Systemic absorption of pesticides through the skin of man. In: Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Report to the Federal Working Group on Pest Management from the Task Group on Occupational Exposure to Pesticides, Appendix B. US Government Printing Office, 0-551-026, Washington, DC, pp. 120\u2013127"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(97)05492-2","article-title":"The influence of skin moisture on the dermal absorption of propoxur in human volunteers: a consideration for biological monitoring practices","volume":"199","author":"Meuling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399009531387","article-title":"Dermal absorption of the phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D, 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D isooctyl, and 2,4,5-T in rabbits, rats, rhesus monkeys, and humans: a cross-species comparison","volume":"29","author":"Moody","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399209531635","article-title":"Dermal absorption of the phenoxy herbicide 2,4-D dimethylamine in humans: effect of DEET and anatomic site","volume":"36","author":"Moody","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib18","unstructured":"PMRA, 2001a. Memorandum dated November 6, 2001, entitled \u201cRe-evalulation of 2,4-D Turf Uses. Input to Monograph: Occupational and Residential Exposure Assessment.\u201d to Mary Mitchell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib19","unstructured":"PMRA, 2001b. Memorandum dated November 7, 2001, entitled \u201cToxicology Re-evalulation of 2 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 4-D).\u201d to Cameron Bowes and Connie Moase"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398909531342","article-title":"Disposition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dimethylamine by Fischer 344 rats dosed orally and dermally","volume":"28","author":"Pelletier","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.021","article-title":"Active ingredients in sunscreens act as topical penetration enhancers for the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid","volume":"195","author":"Pont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmcol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(00)00095-8","article-title":"Could pesticide toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment?","volume":"45","author":"Ross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib23","series-title":"Casarett and Doull\u2019s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons","first-page":"91","article-title":"Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants","author":"Rozman","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(77)90018-X","article-title":"The fate of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) following oral administration to man","volume":"8","author":"Sauerhoff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1995.1043","article-title":"Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide following dermal application to human volunteers","volume":"25","author":"Selim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fundam. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(99)00049-1","article-title":"Absorption and mass balance of piperonyl butoxide following an 8h exposure in human volunteers","volume":"107","author":"Selim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib27","series-title":"Pesticides in Urban Environments Fate and Significance","article-title":"Applicator and bystander exposure to home garden and landscape pesticides","author":"Solomon","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib28","unstructured":"Thongsinthusak, T., 1999. Memorandum of April 7 to G. Sprock. Absorption, excretion, balance and pharmacokinetics of 14C radioactivity after a single dose dermal application of three dose levels of 14C labeled Guthion to healthy volunteers. Worker Health and Safety Branch, DPR. HSM-99012, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1998.1274","article-title":"Estimation of dermal absorption using the exponential saturation model","volume":"29","author":"Thongsinthusak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib30","unstructured":"U.S. EPA, 1992. Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications. EPA\/600\/8-91\/011B. U.S. EPA, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib31","unstructured":"U.S. EPA, 1998. Health effects test guidelines OPPTS 870.7600 Dermal absorption. EPA 712-C-98-350. U.S. EPA, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib32","unstructured":"U.S. EPA, 1999. Exposure Factors Handbook. EPA\/600\/C-99-001. February 1999. National Center for Environmental Assessment (CD Rom), Washington, DC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib33","unstructured":"U.S. EPA, 2003. 2,4-D\u2014Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee. Memorandum from L. Taylor to W. Hazel. TXR No. 0051866. U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Washington, DC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib34","unstructured":"U.S. EPA, 2004. 2,4-D\u2014HED\u2019s Human Health Risk Assessment for the Registration Eligibility Decision (RED). Memorandum from W. Hazel, L.L. Taylor, T.C. Dole to M. Seaton. PC Code 030001; DP Barcode D287199. U.S. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3109\/03602538308991388","article-title":"Cutaneous pharmacokinetics:10 steps to percutaneous absorption","volume":"14","author":"Wester","year":"1983","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398509530716","article-title":"In vivo percutaneous absorption and decontamination of pesticides in humans","volume":"16","author":"Wester","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib37","series-title":"Percutaneous Absorption\u2014Mechanisms, Methodology, Drug Delivery","article-title":"Interrelationships in the dose response of percutaneous absorption","author":"Wester","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib38","series-title":"Health Risk Assessment\u2014Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Absorption of Toxicants","first-page":"89","article-title":"Animal models for percutaneous absorption","author":"Wester","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(84)90036-X","article-title":"Human in vivo percutaneous absorption of pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide","volume":"32","author":"Wester","year":"1994","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12664543","article-title":"Relationship of topical dose and percutaneous absorption in Rhesus monkey and man","volume":"67","author":"Wester","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8434","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid, theophylline, 2,4-dimethylamine, diethyl hexyl phthalic acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap compared to man in vivo","volume":"151","author":"Wester","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/08828032.1986.10390493","article-title":"Urinary excretion of 2,4-D in commercial lawn specialists","volume":"1","author":"Yeary","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl. Ind. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001_bib43","unstructured":"Zendzian, R., 1999. Memorandum dated April 19, 1999, entitled, \u201cUse of One Hundred Percent Dermal Absorption in Risk Assessment\u201d to Margaret Stasikowski. U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Health Effects Division, Washington, DC"}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230004001382?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230004001382?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T20:52:14Z","timestamp":1548881534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230004001382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0273230004001382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.10.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}}}