{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:00:20Z","timestamp":1785337220683,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,25]],"date-time":"2005-01-25T18:14:04Z","timestamp":1106676844000},"page":"159-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Skin irritation: prevalence, variability, and regulatory classification of existing in vivo data from industrial chemicals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hartung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(95)00099-2","article-title":"Skin irritation: reference chemicals data bank","volume":"10","author":"Bagley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol. In vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(92)90185-M","article-title":"New approaches to the assessment of eye and skin irritation","volume":"64","author":"Calvin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(81)90310-0","article-title":"Comparative toxicology I. Direct comparison of rabbit and human primary skin irritation responses to isopropylmyristate","volume":"59","author":"Campbell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib4","first-page":"377","article-title":"Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes","volume":"82","author":"Draize","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib5","unstructured":"EC, 1992. Council Directive 92\/32\/EEC of April 1992 amending for the seventh time Directive 67\/548\/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Official Journal of the European Communities L154, 1\u201329"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib6","unstructured":"EC, 2001. Annex VI of the Directive 67\/548\/EEC. General classification and labelling requirements for dangerous substances and preparations. Official Journal of the European Communities L225, 263\u2013314"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib7","unstructured":"EC, 2004. Commission Directive 2004\/73\/EC of 29 April 2004 adapting to technical progress for the twenty-ninth time Council Directive 67\/548\/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Official Journal of the European Union L152, 1\u2013311"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib8","unstructured":"ECETOC, 1995. Skin Irritation and Corrosion: Reference Chemicals Data Bank. Technical Report No. 66. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib9","unstructured":"EPA [US Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics], 1998. Health Effects Test Guidelines. Acute Dermal Irritation. EPA, Washington DC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(98)00019-8","article-title":"The ECVAM international study on in vitro tests for skin corrosivity 2. Results and evaluation by the management team","volume":"12","author":"Fentem","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. In vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00497-0","article-title":"Introduction of in vitro data into local irritation\/corrosion testing strategies by means of SAR considerations: assessment of chemicals","volume":"127","author":"Gerner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(96)89525-1","article-title":"The CFTA Evaluation of alternatives program: an evaluation of in vitro alternatives to the Draize primary eye irritation test. (Phase III) Surfactant-based formulations","volume":"134","author":"Gettings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/01480547809016050","article-title":"The influence of concentration, exposure duration, and patch occlusivity upon rabbit primary dermal irritation indices","volume":"1","author":"Gilman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290303100504","article-title":"ECVAM\u2019s response to the changing political environment for alternatives: consequences of the European union chemicals and cosmetics policies","volume":"31","author":"Hartung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib15","unstructured":"OECD, 1999. Detailed review document on classification systems for skin irritation\/corrosion. In: OECD Member Countries. ENV\/JM\/MONO(99)6, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, pp. 1\u201329"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib16","unstructured":"OECD, 2001. Harmonised system for the classification of chemicals which cause skin irritation\/corrosion. In: OECD, Harmonised Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards of Chemical Substances and Mixtures. ENV\/JM\/MONO(2001)6, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, pp. 25\u201330"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib17","unstructured":"OECD, 2002a. OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 404: Acute Dermal Irritation\/Corrosion. In: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, pp. 1\u201313"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib18","unstructured":"OECD, 2002b. Draft Test Guideline 430: in vitro skin corrosion: transcutaneous electrical resistance test. In: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, pp. 1\u201312"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib19","unstructured":"OECD, 2002c. Draft Test Guideline 431: in vitro skin corrosion: human skin model test. In: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, pp. 1\u20138"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/026119299001800133.1","article-title":"An international reference chemical data bank would accelerate the development, validation and regulatory acceptance of alternative toxicology tests","volume":"18","author":"Purchase","year":"1990","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06879.x","article-title":"In vitro and human testing strategies for skin irritation","volume":"919","author":"Robinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00005-4","article-title":"Non-animal testing strategies for assessment of the skin corrosion and skin irritation potential of ingredients and finished products","volume":"40","author":"Robinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.43.Suppl_1.S21","article-title":"Tiered testing strategies\u2014acute local toxicity","volume":"43","author":"Stitzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib24","unstructured":"UN, 2003. Skin corrosion\/irritation, In: UN, Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals. ST\/SG\/AC.10\/30, United Nations, New York, Geneva, pp. 123\u2013135"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(71)90112-8","article-title":"Study of intra- and interlaboratory variability in the results of rabbit eye and skin irritation tests","volume":"19","author":"Weil","year":"1971","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1177\/026119299802600512","article-title":"An evaluation of the proposed OECD testing strategy for skin corrosion","volume":"26","author":"Worth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290102900511","article-title":"The use of bootstrap resampling to assess the variability of Draize tissue scores","volume":"29","author":"Worth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290203000110","article-title":"Follow-up to the ECVAM prevalidation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods Skin Irritation Task Force Report 2","volume":"30","author":"Zuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Altern. Lab. Anim."}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230004001618?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230004001618?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T08:21:07Z","timestamp":1625386867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230004001618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0273230004001618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.11.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}}}