{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T07:12:23Z","timestamp":1769757143763,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Health and Sports"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]],"date-time":"2012-03-16T16:36:54Z","timestamp":1331915814000},"page":"55-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Risk assessment of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Jan G.C.","family":"van Amsterdam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margriet","family":"van Laar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tibor M.","family":"Brunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0005","series-title":"Onderzoeksrapport: GHB-gebruik in Noord-Limburg","author":"Aarts","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0010","series-title":"GBL & 1,4-BD: Assessment of Risk to the Individual and Communities in the UK","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(99)00084-1","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction","volume":"20","author":"Addolorato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0020","first-page":"CD008537","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Amato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600690331","article-title":"Absorption of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate and its prodrug gamma-butyrolactone: relationship between in vitro transport and in vivo absorption","volume":"69","author":"Arena","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2007.10399870","article-title":"Experiences of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) ingestion: a focus group study","volume":"39","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0035","first-page":"128","article-title":"Smartshops. Overzicht van producten, geclaimde werking en hun medisch-toxicologische relevantie","volume":"348802017","author":"Beltman","year":"1999","journal-title":"RIVM rapport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0040","unstructured":"CAM, 2008. Co\u00f6rdinatiepunt Assessment en Monitoring nieuwe drugs (CAM). Risicoschatting cannabis 2008. http:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/bibliotheek\/digitaaldepot\/CAM_risicoschattingsrapport_cannabis_2008.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1589-1","article-title":"Cognitive, psychomotor, and subjective effects of sodium oxybate and triazolam in healthy volunteers","volume":"206","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.012","article-title":"Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem): differences in characteristics and misuse","volume":"104","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70230-6","article-title":"Clinical course of gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose","volume":"31","author":"Chin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0060","series-title":"Medical Toxicology","author":"Dart","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0065","series-title":"Tendens 2008: alcohol-en drugsgebruik bij jongeren en jongvolwassenen in Gelderland","author":"de Jong","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00017-0","article-title":"GHB use among Australians: characteristics, use patterns and associated harm","volume":"67","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00265.x","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose among Australian users","volume":"98","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.08.007","article-title":"The epidemiology of GHB and ketamine use in an Australian household survey","volume":"19","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000133","article-title":"Should burden of disease estimates include cannabis use as a risk factor for psychosis?","volume":"6","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01851.x","article-title":"Patterns and incidence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-related ambulance attendances in Melbourne","volume":"188","author":"Dietze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Victoria Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0095","unstructured":"Dillon, P., 2009. As cited in Sydney Morning Herald. http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/lifestyle\/wellbeing\/party-drug causing-grievous-harm-20090403-9msv.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.01.002","article-title":"GHB in Sydney, Australia, 2000\u20132006: a case study of the EDRS as a strategic early warning system","volume":"20","author":"Dunn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0105","unstructured":"EDND, 2011. European Information Centre and Database on New Drugs. EMCDDA Early Warning System about GHB."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0110","unstructured":"EMCDDA, 2000. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Report on the Risk Assessment of GHB in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs, Lisbon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0115","unstructured":"EMCDDA, 2011. European Information Centre and Database on New Drugs. EMCDDA Early Warning System about GHB."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(02)00267-2","article-title":"The effects and consequences of selected club drugs","volume":"23","author":"Freese","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.2.469","article-title":"\u201cGrievous bodily harm:\u201d gamma hydroxybutyrate abuse leading to a Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Friedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(99)00090-7","article-title":"Abuse and therapeutic potential of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid","volume":"20","author":"Galloway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105049041","article-title":"Gamma hydroxy butyrate abuse and dependency","volume":"19","author":"G\u00f3nzalez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0140","first-page":"154","article-title":"Acute toxicity from home-brewed gamma-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"11","author":"Hodges","year":"1998","journal-title":"J.A.B.F.P."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0510","first-page":"1","article-title":"Forensic science update: gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)","volume":"4","author":"Hornfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0145","article-title":"Gamma butyric acid and related compounds. In: Hurlbut, K.M., Silverstein, S., (Eds). Poisindex","author":"Hurlbut","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0150","series-title":"NTP Summary Report on the Metabolism, Disposition, and Toxicity of 1,4-Butanediol. NIH Publication No. 96\u20133932","author":"Irwin","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-008-9040-1","article-title":"Driving under the influence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0160","first-page":"A1286","article-title":"Afkicken van GHB: levensgevaarlijk","volume":"154","author":"Kamal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0165","series-title":"Middelengebruik bij jongens in Justiti\u00eble Jeugdinrichtingen. Het gebruik van tabak, alcohol, cannabis en harddrugs bij jongens met en zonder PIJ-maatregel","author":"Kepper","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/26.8.571","article-title":"In vitro production of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in antemortem urine samples","volume":"26","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2002.tb01170.x","article-title":"Emergency contraception: a survey of emergency department practitioners","volume":"9","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0175","first-page":"61","article-title":"Rave drugs: pharmacological considerations","volume":"72","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Ass. Nurse Anesth. J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701263633","article-title":"High mortality rates among GHB abusers in Western Sweden","volume":"46","author":"Knudsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2010.02278.x","article-title":"Twenty-three deaths with gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose in western Sweden between 2000 and 2007","volume":"54","author":"Knudsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(01)00012-8","article-title":"MDMA (\u2018ecstasy\u2019) and other \u2018club drugs\u2019. The new epidemic","volume":"49","author":"Koesters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0520","unstructured":"Koninklijke Nederlandse Maatschappij ter Bevordering der Pharmacie (KNMP), 2006. Informatorium medicamentorum. Den Haag, The Netherlands."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0195","unstructured":"Korf, D.J., and Nabben, T., 2011. GHB: Trends, and characteristics and user profiles. Report to CAM."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0200","series-title":"GHB: Tussen Extase en Narcose","author":"Korf","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029620","article-title":"Substance-related health problems during rave parties in the Netherlands (1997\u20132008)","volume":"6","author":"Krul","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.576253","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: Experience of 9years of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-related incidents during rave parties in The Netherlands","volume":"49","author":"Krul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0299-2","article-title":"Forensic toxicology findings in deaths involving gamma-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"124","author":"Kugelberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(64)90074-7","article-title":"Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"3","author":"Laborit","year":"1964","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.08.007","article-title":"Further evidence of in vitro production of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in urine samples","volume":"169","author":"LeBeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Intern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181898c2e","article-title":"Intoxications due to ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone: organ distribution of gammahydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone","volume":"30","author":"Lenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70232-X","article-title":"A tale of novel intoxication: a review of the effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid with recommendations for management","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00424-3","article-title":"Intoxication due to 1,4-butanediol","volume":"133","author":"Lora-Tamayo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)23017-8","article-title":"A specific GHB receptor ligand possess both antagonistic and anticonvulsant properties","volume":"255","author":"Maitre","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.1.285","article-title":"Treatment of narcolepsy with gamma-hydroxybutyrate. A review of clinical and sleep laboratory findings","volume":"9","author":"Mamelak","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.01.012","article-title":"Clinical features and management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal: a review","volume":"75","author":"McDonough","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0255","series-title":"Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment","first-page":"321","article-title":"MDMA, ketamine, GHB, and the \u201cclub drug\u201d scene","author":"McDowell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/105504901750532111","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: Patterns of use, effects and withdrawal","volume":"10","author":"Miotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120004400","article-title":"Trends in illicit drug emergencies: the emerging role of gamma-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"40","author":"Mir\u00f3","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07382-0","article-title":"Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction","volume":"351","author":"Moller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0275","series-title":"Antenne 2006: Trends in Alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers","author":"Nabben","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0280","series-title":"Antenne 2009: Trends in Alcohol, tabak en drugs bij jonge Amsterdammers","author":"Nabben","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110363315","article-title":"The involvement of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in reported sexual assaults: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"N\u00e9meth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0290","unstructured":"NHS, 2009. South London and Maudsley NHS Trust Oral Presentation on GHB\/GBL, December 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0295","unstructured":"NIH, 1992. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of \u00e3-butyrolactone in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. US Dept. Health and Human Services, NIH, Technical report series No. 406."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0300","unstructured":"Novadic-Kentron, 2011. Onrustbarende stijging van GHB-verslaafden zet door. Jaarbericht Novadic-Kentron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0305","unstructured":"Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1998. Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB). http:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/pdffiles\/172867.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0310","unstructured":"Ouwehand, A.W., Wisselink, D.J.K.W.G., van Delden, E.B., Mol, A., 2011. Kerncijfers verslavingszorg. National Information System on Alcohol and Drugs (LADIS), Stichting Informatie Voorziening Zorg (IVZ). http:\/\/www.sivz.nl\/ivz-verslavingszorg\/127-kerncijfers-verslavingszorg-2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400212","article-title":"Club drug use and dependence among young adults recruited through time-space sampling","volume":"124","author":"Parsons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709000157","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in male rats","volume":"12","author":"Pedraza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2008.08.005","article-title":"Risk assessment of khat use","volume":"52","author":"Pennings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2006.03.040","article-title":"Seven days of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) use produces severe withdrawal","volume":"48","author":"Perez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2003.00057.x","article-title":"Does anaesthesia cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction? A randomised study of regional versus general anaesthesia in 438 elderly patients","volume":"47","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200006000-00002","article-title":"Drug-facilitated sexual assault (\u2018date rape\u2019)","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2005.03.009","article-title":"Toxicological findings in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period","volume":"12","author":"Scott-Ham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Forensic Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.04.028","article-title":"Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on spatial learning and memory in adolescent and adult female rats","volume":"96","author":"Sircar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911795017038","article-title":"GHB-induced cognitive deficits during adolescence and the role of NMDA receptor","volume":"9","author":"Sircar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2004.09.022","article-title":"Adolescent gamma-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning","volume":"79","author":"Sircar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1086-5802(16)30472-7","article-title":"Drugs used in acquaintance rape","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. (Wash.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/59.11.1067","article-title":"Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"59","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra044047","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid","volume":"352","author":"Snead","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2003.253","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate serum levels and clinical syndrome after severe overdose","volume":"42","author":"Sporer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0385","unstructured":"Stolte, E., 2009. GHB. Consumer Safety Foundation (Stichting Consument en Veiligheid). http:\/\/www.veiligheid.nl\/csi\/veiligheid.nsf\/wwwAssets\/4FFD8635DE0901 55C1257626002AC18D\/$file\/GHB%20factsheet%20ongevallen.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.07.009","article-title":"Use, function, and subjective experiences of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)","volume":"92","author":"Sumnall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.09.001","article-title":"Evaluation of a procedure to assess the adverse effects of illicit drugs","volume":"39","author":"van Amsterdam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2011.01.006","article-title":"Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review","volume":"59","author":"van Amsterdam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0405","series-title":"Feestmeter 2008\u20132009: uitgaan en middelengebruik onder bezoekers van party\u2019s en clubs","author":"van der Poel","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0410","unstructured":"van Hees, W., 2010. GBL, cleaning agent or risk? (GBL, schoonmaakmiddel of risico?). Information about GHB to CAM by the National Customs Office."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0415","series-title":"Netherlands national drug monitor; NDM annual report 2010","author":"van Laar","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2008.11.001","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: dangerous but not well-known","volume":"31","author":"van Noorden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0425","first-page":"844","article-title":"Herkenning en behandeling van hydroxyboterzuurintoxicaties","volume":"148","author":"van Rij","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0430","series-title":"Nationaal Prevalentie Onderzoek Middelengebruik 2009: kerncijfers 2009","author":"van Rooij","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200312000-00012","article-title":"Medical problems related to recreational drug use at nocturnal dance parties","volume":"10","author":"Van Sassenbroek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2002.002402","article-title":"Gamma hydroxybutirate use for sexual assault","volume":"21","author":"Varela","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0445","first-page":"411","article-title":"Levensbedreigende onthoudingsverschijnselen door gammahydroxyboterzuur","volume":"52","author":"Veerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tijdschr. Psychiatrie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0450","first-page":"411","article-title":"Life threatening symptoms of withdrawal of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. [Levensbedreigende onthoudingsverschijnselen door gammahydroxyboterzuur]","volume":"52","author":"Veerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tijdschr. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200404000-00020","article-title":"Detection times of drugs of abuse in blood, urine, and oral fluid","volume":"26","author":"Verstraete","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0455","unstructured":"Vijlbrief, M. and de Bruin, N., 2011. Information about GHB to CAM by the National Police Force, Unit South, Expert Centre Synthetic Drugs and Precursors."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0460","unstructured":"Vogels, N. and Croes, E., 2011. Monitor Drugs Incident: factsheet 2010. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut. http:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/webwinkel\/productoverzicht-webwinkel\/alcohol-en-drugs\/af\/af1084-monitor-drugsincidenten."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0465","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Capaciteits-gelimiteerde eliminatie van 4-hydroxybutyrate, ethanol envinylbital","volume":"110","author":"Vree","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pharmac. Weekbl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27549","article-title":"Safety overview of postmarketing and clinical experience of sodium oxybate (Xyrem): abuse, misuse, dependence, and diversion","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0475","series-title":"GHB \u2013 The natural mood enhancer","author":"Ward","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0480","unstructured":"WHO, 2000. WHO (World Health Organization). Notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations by the Director-General of the World Health Organization. 4 October 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0485","first-page":"187","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid poisoning","volume":"168","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0490","series-title":"GHB and Analogs: High-risk Club Drugs","author":"Wolf","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101113440202","article-title":"Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1,4-butanediol","volume":"344","author":"Zvosec","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.11.008","article-title":"Case series of 226 gamma-hydroxybutyrate-associated deaths: lethal toxicity and trauma","volume":"29","author":"Zvosec","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230012000529?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230012000529?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T10:11:59Z","timestamp":1742724719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230012000529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0273230012000529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.03.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}}}