{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:02:22Z","timestamp":1793412142272,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]],"date-time":"2015-11-30T16:23:28Z","timestamp":1448900608000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Characterization of potential impurities and degradation products in electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Flora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naren","family":"Meruva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chorng B.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celeste T.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Ballentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Werley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willie J.","family":"McKinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib1","series-title":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 2015 Guide to Occupational Exposure Values","author":"ACGIH","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib2","series-title":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde","author":"ATSDR","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib3","first-page":"12","article-title":"Electronic cigarette: a possible substitute for cigarette dependence","volume":"79","author":"Caponnetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a02","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii11","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482","article-title":"Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.199281","article-title":"Novel nicotine delivery systems and public health: the rise of the \u201ce-cigarette\u201d","volume":"100","author":"Cobb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib6","article-title":"CORESTA Recommended Method No 5","author":"CORESTA","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib7","article-title":"CORESTA Recommended Method No 73","author":"CORESTA","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib8","article-title":"CORESTA Recommended Method No 75","author":"CORESTA","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib9","article-title":"CORESTA Recommended Method No 72","author":"CORESTA","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib10","article-title":"CORESTA Recommended Method No 70","author":"CORESTA","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib11","article-title":"CORESTA Recommended Method No 74","author":"CORESTA","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib12","article-title":"CORESTA Recommended Method No 58","author":"CORESTA","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib13","series-title":"Technical Report. 2014 Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Parameters Study","author":"CORESTA E-Cigarette Task Force","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib14","article-title":"European Pharmacopoeia 7.0","author":"Council of Europe","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2004.12.002","article-title":"Smoke composition and predicting relationships for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions","volume":"41","author":"Counts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2010.04.012","article-title":"Production of acrolein and acrylic acid through dehydration and oxydehydration of glycerol with mixed oxide catalysts","volume":"157","author":"Deleplanque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib17","series-title":"Formaldehyde (CASRN 50-00-0)","author":"EPA","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib18","series-title":"Acetaldehyde (CASRN 75-07-0)","author":"EPA","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib19","series-title":"Cadmium (CASRN 7440-43-9)","author":"EPA","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib20","series-title":"1,3-Butadiene (CASRN 106-99-0)","author":"EPA","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib21","series-title":"Benzene (CASRN 71-43-2)","author":"EPA","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib22","series-title":"Acrylonitrile (CASRN 107-13-1)","author":"EPA","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib23","series-title":"Arsenic, Inorganic (CASRN 7440-38-2)","author":"EPA","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib24","series-title":"Acrolein (CASRN 107-02-08)","author":"EPA","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib25","series-title":"Ammonia (CASRN 7664-41-7)","author":"EPA","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib26","series-title":"Toluene (CASRN 108-88-3)","author":"EPA","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-231","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users","volume":"10","author":"Etter","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12235","article-title":"Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes","volume":"108","author":"Etter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.10.028","article-title":"A\u00a0longitudinal study of electronic cigarette users","volume":"39","author":"Etter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614524430","article-title":"Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib31","article-title":"Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff","author":"FDA","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib32","first-page":"20034","article-title":"Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke; established list","volume":"77","author":"FDA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib33","article-title":"Guidance for Industry","author":"FDA","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib34","first-page":"23142","volume":"79","author":"FDA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859","article-title":"Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes","volume":"23","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib36","article-title":"Test Method T-115","author":"Health Canada","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib37","article-title":"Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","volume":"vol. 88","author":"IARC","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib38","series-title":"International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Guideline Q2(R1): Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1)","author":"ICH","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib39","series-title":"International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Guideline Q3B(R2): Impurities in New Drug Products","author":"ICH","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib40","series-title":"Cigarettes \u2013 Determination of Carbon Monoxide in the Vapor Phase of Cigarette Smoke \u2013 NDIR Method","author":"ISO","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib41","series-title":"Cigarettes \u2013 Determination of Benzo[a]pyrene in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke \u2013 Method Using Gas Chromatography\/mass Spectrometry","author":"ISO","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib42","series-title":"Routine Analytical Cigarette-smoking Machine \u2013 Definitions and Standard Conditions","author":"ISO","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu078","article-title":"Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage","volume":"16","author":"Kosmider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1021\/jp201078e","article-title":"A\u00a0revisited picture of the mechanism of glycerol dehydration","volume":"115","author":"Laino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib45","article-title":"Comparison of toxicant levels in mainstream aerosols generated by Ruyan\u00ae electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and conventional cigarette products","volume":"126","author":"Lauterbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib46","article-title":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Proposition 65","author":"OEHHA","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib47","series-title":"Occupational Safety and Health Standards","author":"OSHA","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2007.03.007","article-title":"Carbohydrate pyrolysis mechanisms from isotopic labeling: Part 1: the pyrolysis of glycerin: Discovery of competing fragmentation mechanisms affording acetaldehyde and formaldehyde and the implications for carbohydrate pyrolysis","volume":"80","author":"Paine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Anal. Appl. Pyrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.10.010","article-title":"Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air","volume":"70","author":"Tayyarah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2011.572213","article-title":"Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities","volume":"34","author":"Trehy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.29.1219","article-title":"Determination of carbonyl compounds generated from the e-cigarette using coupled silica cartridges impregnated with hydroquinone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"29","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib52","series-title":"Presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT), February 5-8, 2014, Seattle, WA. POS3-65","article-title":"Characterization of electronic cigarette prototype puff topography in adult exclusive cigarette smokers and adult exclusive electronic cigarette users","author":"Vansickel","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt138","article-title":"Pilot investigation of changes in readiness and confidence to quit smoking after E-cigarette experimentation and 1 week of use","volume":"16","author":"Wagener","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib54","series-title":"Evaluation of e-cigarettes","author":"Westenberger","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib55","series-title":"Formaldehyde","author":"WHO","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057987","article-title":"Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230015301276?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230015301276?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T04:56:28Z","timestamp":1537160188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230015301276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0273230015301276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Characterization of potential impurities and degradation products in electronic cigarette formulations and aerosols","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.11.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}