{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:56:48Z","timestamp":1787158608827,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T02:38:20Z","timestamp":1560825500000},"page":"104408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Distribution of fluoride contamination in drinking water resources and health risk assessment using geographic information system, northwest Iran"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmood","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Ghalehaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh Baghal","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshin","family":"Ghaderpoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hadi","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Ghaderpoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Akbar","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of groundwater quality using water quality index and its suitability for assessing water for drinking and irrigation purposes: case study of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Iran)","author":"Abbasnia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2016.08.002","article-title":"Evaluation of fluoride levels in bottled water and their contribution to health and teeth problems in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"28","author":"Abouleish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib3","first-page":"160","article-title":"Effect of fluoride in drinking water on birth height and weight: an ecological study in Kerman Province, Zarand County, Iran","volume":"48","author":"Aghaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6467-z","article-title":"Distribution and health risk assessment of natural fluoride of drinking groundwater resources of Isfahan, Iran, using GIS","volume":"190","author":"Aghapour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21616-2","article-title":"Effect of chronic exercise on fluoride metabolism in fluorosis-susceptible mice exposed to high fluoride","volume":"8","author":"Amaral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-015-9676-1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of fluoride concentrations in groundwater resources of Larestan and Gerash regions in Iran from 2003 to 2010","volume":"38","author":"Amini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib7","article-title":"Fluoride concentration in potable groundwater in rural areas of Khaf city, Razavi Khorasan province, Northeastern Iran","volume":"3","author":"Amouei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.03.014","article-title":"Assessing the risk of an excess fluoride intake among Swedish children in households with private wells\u2014expanding static single-source methods to a probabilistic multi-exposure-pathway approach","volume":"68","author":"Augustsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2012.08.001","article-title":"Fluoride in groundwater, dates and wheat: estimated exposure dose in the population of Bushehr, Iran","volume":"29","author":"Battaleb-Looie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-016-0231-9","article-title":"Assessing nitrate and fluoride contaminants in drinking water and their health risk of rural residents living in a semiarid region of Northwest China","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expo. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.11.021","article-title":"Geochemical sources, hydrogeochemical behavior, and health risk assessment of fluoride in an endemic fluorosis area, central Iran","volume":"193","author":"Dehbandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.04.039","article-title":"Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of metal (oid) s in tap water from Ilam city, Iran","volume":"118","author":"Fakhri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.02.001","article-title":"Spatial variation and probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to fluoride in drinking water","volume":"113","author":"Fallahzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib14","first-page":"1664","article-title":"Correlation between fluoride in drinking Water and its levels in breast milk in Golestan Province, Northern Iran","volume":"43","author":"Faraji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-006-9076-7","article-title":"A health risk assessment for fluoride in Central Europe","volume":"29","author":"Fordyce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2017.11.078","article-title":"Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water-Khorramabad city, Iran","volume":"16","author":"Ghaderpoori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2016.189","article-title":"Risk assessment of haloacetic acids in the water supply of Tehran, Iran","volume":"17","author":"Ghoochani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.03.011","article-title":"Risk assessment of fluoride exposure in drinking water of Tunisia","volume":"177","author":"Guissouma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.12.074","article-title":"Probabilistic risk assessment of Chinese residents' exposure to fluoride in improved drinking water in endemic fluorosis areas","volume":"222","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-011-0261-8","article-title":"Risk assessment of dissolved trace metals in drinking water of Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"86","author":"Karim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1418-7","article-title":"Fluoride in Iranian drinking water resources: a systematic review, meta-analysis and non-carcinogenic risk assessment","volume":"188","author":"Keramati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib22","article-title":"Fluoride exposure and its health risk assessment in drinking water and staple food in the population of Dayyer, Iran, in 2013","volume":"4","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.158","article-title":"Fluoride and iodine enrichment in groundwater of North China Plain: evidences from speciation analysis and geochemical modeling","volume":"598","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121557","article-title":"Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of a tailing pond in Guangdong, China","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5453-6","article-title":"Preliminary human health risk assessment of arsenic and fluoride in tap water from Zacatecas, M\u00e9xico","volume":"188","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Acu\u00f1a","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib26","first-page":"355","article-title":"Highly efficient adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solutions by metal organic frameworks: modeling, isotherms, and kinetics","volume":"51","author":"Massoudinejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.02.069","article-title":"The concentration data of fluoride and health risk assessment in drinking water in the Ardakan city of Yazd province, Iran","volume":"18","author":"Mirzabeygi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3026-7","article-title":"Using the combined model of gamma test and neuro-fuzzy system for modeling and estimating lead bonds in reservoir sediments","volume":"25","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17328-8","article-title":"Skeletal fluorosis in relation to drinking water in rural areas of West Azerbaijan, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Non-carcinogenic risk assessment to human health due to intake of fluoride in the groundwater in rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, Iran: a case study","author":"Qasemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cadmium in groundwater consumed in the rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, Iran: occurrence and health risk assessment","author":"Qasemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health-risk assessment related to the fluoride, nitrate, and nitrite in the drinking water in the Sanandaj, Kurdistan County, Iran","author":"Rezaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib33","first-page":"138","article-title":"Drinking water in Gonabad, Iran: fluoride levels in bottled, distribution network, point of use desalinator, and decentralized municipal desalination plant water","volume":"45","author":"Shams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-1375-3","article-title":"Health risk assessment of fluoride with other parameters in ground water of Sikar city (India)","volume":"65","author":"Shyam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib1a","series-title":"Fluoride in Drinking- Water. Background Document Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality","author":"WHO","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.10.057","article-title":"Health risk assessment to fluoride in drinking water of rural residents living in the Poldasht city, Northwest of Iran","volume":"148","author":"Yousefi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030802494667","article-title":"Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals and fluoride in some water wells in the Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Zabin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230019301722?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230019301722?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T12:28:01Z","timestamp":1759494481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230019301722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0273230019301722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Distribution of fluoride contamination in drinking water resources and health risk assessment using geographic information system, northwest Iran","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104408","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104408"}}