{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:24:50Z","timestamp":1777415090875,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:39:13Z","timestamp":1640824753000},"page":"105112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enzymes and sensitization via skin exposure: A critical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Basketter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Kimber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib1","series-title":"American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists: Subtilisins","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib2","series-title":"Guidance for the Risk Assessment of Enzyme-Containing Consumer Products","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib3","series-title":"Guidelines for the Safe Handling of Enzymes in Detergent Manufacturing. Book Guidelines for the Safe Handling of Enzymes in Detergent Manufacturing. Version 2.2, Brussels, Belgium: International Association for Soaps","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib4","series-title":"Enzyme Safety Operational Guidance for 3rd Party (3PL) Logistics Suppliers","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib6","series-title":"Guide to the Safe Handling of Industrial Enzyme Preparations. Book Guide to the Safe Handling of Industrial Enzyme Preparations","author":"AMFEP","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib7","series-title":"Industry Guidelines on the Safe Handling of Enzymes in Pulp & Paper Manufacturing. Brussels, Belgium","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib8","series-title":"Industry Guidelines on the Safe Handling of Enzymes in the Bakery Supply Chain","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqr107","article-title":"Occupational asthma and rhinitis due to detergent enzymes in healthcare","volume":"61","author":"Adisesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup. Med. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2012.711782","article-title":"Danger, intracellular signalling, and orchestration of dendritic cell function in skin sensitization","volume":"10","author":"Ainscough","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.00944.x","article-title":"Haptens, prohaptens and prehaptens, or electrophiles and proelectrophiles","volume":"56","author":"Aptula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000621","article-title":"Mechanism and diagnosis of protein contact dermatitis","volume":"20","author":"Barbaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2015.2593","article-title":"Occupational protein contact dermatitis","volume":"25","author":"Barbaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.06.016","article-title":"Enzymes in cleaning products: an overview of toxicological properties and risk assessment\/management","volume":"64","author":"Basketter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2012.659358","article-title":"The toxicology and immunology of detergent enzymes","volume":"9","author":"Basketter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.12.014","article-title":"Defining occupational and consumer exposure limits for enzyme protein respiratory allergens under REACH","volume":"268","author":"Basketter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08561.x","article-title":"Enzymes, detergents and skin: facts and fantasies","volume":"158","author":"Basketter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.09.028","article-title":"Are skin sensitisation test methods relevant for proteins?","volume":"99","author":"Basketter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2015.1011741","article-title":"Managing the risk of occupational allergy and asthma due to enzymes in the detergent industry","volume":"12","author":"Basketter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib20","article-title":"Occupational exposure limits for enzymes: practical considerations","author":"Basketter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonary. Resp. Sci. online."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib21","series-title":"Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology","first-page":"625","article-title":"Industrial enzymes","author":"Basketter","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22124","article-title":"Allergic asthma caused by exposure to bacterial alpha-amylase Termamyl\u00ae","volume":"56","author":"Baur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9557","article-title":"Skin exposure to isocyanates: reasons for concern","volume":"115","author":"Bello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.119665","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis to detergents: a multicenter study to assess prevalence","volume":"46","author":"Belsito","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039709374542","article-title":"An overview of the safety evaluation of the Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase enzyme (SP 628) and the Aspergillus aculeatus xylanase enzyme (SP 578)","volume":"14","author":"Bergman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.06.012","article-title":"Investigation on possible allergenicity of 19 different commercial enzymes used in the food industry","volume":"44","author":"Bindslev-Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2000.009003165.x","article-title":"The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs","volume":"9","author":"Bos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02465.x","article-title":"The prognosis of occupational asthma due to detergent enzymes: clinical, immunological and employment outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Brant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.007","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis increases the effect of exposure to peanut antigen in dust on peanut sensitization and likely peanut allergy","volume":"135","author":"Brough","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14304","article-title":"Epicutaneous sensitization in the development of food allergy: what is the evidence and how can this be prevented","volume":"75","author":"Brough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.01.031","article-title":"Loss-of-function variants in the filaggrin gene are a significant risk factor for peanut allergy","volume":"127","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02765.x","article-title":"Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen and \u03b14\u03b27 T-lymphocyte responses are associated with peanut allergy and tolerance in children","volume":"67","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(95)00052-4","article-title":"Safety evaluation of beta-glucanase derived from Trichoderma reesei: summary of toxicological data","volume":"33","author":"Coenen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fd. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61763-2","article-title":"Lack of type 1 sensitization to laundry detergent enzymes among consumers in the Philippines: results of a 2-year study in atopic subjects","volume":"92","author":"Cormier","year":"2004","journal-title":"An. Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03264-5","article-title":"An outbreak of asthma in a modern detergent factory","volume":"356","author":"Cullinan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104445","article-title":"The 21st century movement within the area of skin sensitization assessment: from the animal context towards current human-relevant in vitro solutions","author":"De Avila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414850","article-title":"Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy","volume":"372","author":"Du Toit","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.358","article-title":"A homozygous frameshift mutation in the mouse Flg gene facilitates enhanced percutaneous allergen priming","volume":"41","author":"Fallon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3348","article-title":"What determines skin sensitization potency: myths, maybes and realities. The 500 molecular weight cut-off: an updated analysis","volume":"37","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)92165-5","article-title":"Pulmonary disease due to inhalation of derivatives of Bacillus subtilis containing proteolytic enzyme","volume":"1","author":"Flindt","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.298","volume":"134","author":"Flohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.12.014","article-title":"Household peanut consumption as a risk factor for the development of peanut allergy","volume":"123","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2004.00290.x","article-title":"A chemical dataset for evaluation of alternative approaches to skin-sensitization testing","volume":"50","author":"Gerberick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-6264(69)80461-X","article-title":"Safety evaluation of enzyme detergents. Oral and cutaneous toxicity, irritancy and skin sensitization studies","volume":"7","author":"Griffith","year":"1969","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2001.00113.x","article-title":"So moisturizers may cause trouble","volume":"40","author":"Held","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/000155599750011705","article-title":"Effect of long-term use of moisturizer on skin hydration, barrier function and susceptibility to irritants","volume":"79","author":"Held","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1976.tb02975.x","article-title":"Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers","volume":"2","author":"Hjorth","year":"1976","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/01634989-199012000-00008","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria from cellulolytic enzymes","volume":"1","author":"Kanerva","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06120.x","article-title":"Occupational protein contact dermatitis from glucoamylase","volume":"41","author":"Kanerva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Conatct Derm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2001.045001049.x","article-title":"Occupational allergic contact urticaria from a detergent protease","volume":"45","author":"Kanerva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00007.x","article-title":"Occupational allergic contact urticara from fungal but not bacterial alpha-amylase","volume":"35","author":"Kanerva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05695.x","article-title":"Occupational contact urticaria from cellulase enzyme","volume":"38","author":"Kanerva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Conatct Derm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3150","article-title":"Early immune events in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(81)90426-9","article-title":"Dermal contact with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) produces respiratory tract hypersensitivity in Guinea pigs","volume":"58","author":"Karol","year":"1981","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052215","article-title":"Antigen-presenting cells in the skin","volume":"35","author":"Kashem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00173-4","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"2","author":"Kimber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S238","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq346","article-title":"Chemical allergy: translating biology into hazard characterization","volume":"120","author":"Kimber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.48776.x","article-title":"Danger signals and skin sensitisation","volume":"147","author":"Kimber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.460101.x","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis: the cellular effectors","volume":"46","author":"Kimber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00299-8","article-title":"Chemical respiratory allergy: role of IgE antibody and relevance of route of exposure","volume":"181\u2013182","author":"Kimber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2187","article-title":"Epicutaneous exposure to proteins and skin immune function","volume":"24","author":"Kimber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1039\/c7tx00272f","article-title":"Skin and respiratory chemical allergy: confluence and divergence in a hybrid adverse outcome pathway","volume":"7","author":"Kimber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2020.1793895","article-title":"Determination of the relative allergenic potency of proteins: hurdles and opportunities","volume":"50","author":"Krutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.04.032","article-title":"Epidemiologic risks for food allergy","volume":"121","author":"Lack","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2013.4.473","article-title":"From pathways to people: applying the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization to risk assessment","volume":"30","author":"MacKay","year":"2013","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000142","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.13499.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and managing contact dermatitis","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.005015","article-title":"Tolerance, danger, and the extended family","volume":"12","author":"Matzinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2000.042003123.x","article-title":"Contact allergy, irritancy and \u2018danger","volume":"42","author":"McFadden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70237-N","article-title":"I","volume":"29","author":"Morren","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib71","first-page":"61","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"104","author":"Nassau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.01.021","article-title":"Exposure to food allergen through inflamed skin promotes intestinal food allergy through the thymic stromal lymphopoietin-basophil axis","volume":"133","author":"Noti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib73","article-title":"The Adverse Outcome Pathway for Skin Sensitisation Initiated by Covalent Binding to Proteins. Part 1: Scientific Evidence","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.006","article-title":"The atopic march and atopic multimorbidity: many trajectories, many pathways","volume":"143","author":"Paller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)92166-7","article-title":"Allergic reactions of the lungs to enzymes of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"1","author":"Pepys","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.044","article-title":"Association of frequent moisturizer use in early infancy with the development of food allergy","volume":"147","author":"Perkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1514210","article-title":"Randomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants","volume":"374","author":"Perkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(94)90108-2","article-title":"Induction of respiratory hypersensitivity to diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate (MDI) in Guinea pigs. Influence of route of exposure","volume":"88","author":"Rattray","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201002-025RM","article-title":"Skin exposure and asthma: is there a connection?","volume":"7","author":"Redlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282f85a31","article-title":"Lung\/skin connections in occupational lung disease","volume":"8","author":"Redlich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2012.02160.x","article-title":"What determines skin sensitization potency \u2013 myths, maybes and realities. Part 1. The 500 molecular weight cut-off","volume":"68","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7899-1_22","article-title":"Predicting chemically induced skin sensitization by using in chemico\/in vitro methods","volume":"1800","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib83","series-title":"Textbook of Contact Dermatitis","first-page":"43","article-title":"Mechanisms of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis","author":"Rustemeyer","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14776","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells: the missing part of a puzzle in food allergy","author":"Sahiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61646-8","article-title":"Control of occupational asthma and allergy in the detergent industry","volume":"90","author":"Sarlo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.03.007","article-title":"Assessing the risk of type 1 allergy to enzymes present in laundry and cleaning products: evidence from the clinical data","volume":"271","author":"Sarlo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0674-5","article-title":"The skin as a route of allergen exposure: part 1. Immune components and mechanisms","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2002.01024.x","article-title":"Skin as a route of exposure to protein allergens","volume":"27","author":"Smith Pease","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2000.00780.x","article-title":"Occupational allergy to papain","volume":"55","author":"Soto-Mera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2341-6","article-title":"Skin sensitization testing needs and data uses by US regulatory and research agencies","volume":"93","author":"Strickland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425196","article-title":"Disruption of the stratum corneum allows potent epicutaneous immunization with protein antigens resulting in a dominant Th2 response","volume":"34","author":"Strid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02260.x","article-title":"Epicutaneous exposure to peanut protein prevents oral tolerance and enhances allergic sensitization","volume":"35","author":"Strid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2174\/156801005774322199","article-title":"Skin barrier dysfunction and systemic sensitization to allergen through the skin","volume":"4","author":"Strid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets - Inflamm. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00062105","article-title":"An ATS\/ERS report: 100 key questions and needs in occupational asthma","volume":"27","author":"Tarlo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75660","article-title":"Skin exposure promotes a Th2-dependent sensitization to peanut allergens","volume":"124","author":"Tordesillas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2020.12.4.579","article-title":"Skin exposure contributes to chemical-induced asthma: what is the evidence? A systematic review of animal models","volume":"12","author":"Tsui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123830","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the skin-gut cross talk in the development of IgE-mediated food allergy","volume":"12","author":"Van Splunter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.003","article-title":"Mechanism for initiation of food allergy: dependence upon skin barrier mutations and environmental antigen costimulation","volume":"141","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1985.tb02531.x","article-title":"Possible adverse reactions to an enzyme-containing washing powder","volume":"13","author":"White","year":"1985","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib101","first-page":"123","article-title":"Proteolytic enzymes: potential allergens for the skin and respiratory tract?","volume":"36","author":"Wuthrich","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.019","article-title":"Outbreak of immediate type hydrolyzed wheat protein allergy due to a facial soap in Japan","volume":"140","author":"Yagami","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230021002531?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230021002531?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T12:33:08Z","timestamp":1759494788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230021002531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S0273230021002531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enzymes and sensitization via skin exposure: A critical analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.105112","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105112"}}