{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:10:35Z","timestamp":1773666635845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T02:13:44Z","timestamp":1643854424000},"page":"105131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Derivation of thresholds for inhaled chemically reactive irritants: Searching for substance-specific common denominators for read-across prediction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Juergen","family":"Pauluhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib1","series-title":"WEELs and ERPGs. Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) and Workplace Environmental Exposure Levels (WEELS) Handbook","author":"AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0015-6264(81)90513-7","article-title":"Bioassay for evaluating the potency of airborne sensory irritants and predicting acceptable levels of exposure in man","volume":"19","author":"Alarie","year":"1981","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/10629369608032986","article-title":"Estimating the sensory irritating potency of airborne nonreactive volatile organic chemicals and their mixtures","volume":"5","author":"Alarie","year":"1996","journal-title":"SAR QSAR Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib4","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Toxic effects from accidental releases of harardous substances (TEARHS) \u2013 lethal and non-lethal effects in rats upon exposure during short periods of time","volume":"V99","author":"Arts","year":"2000","journal-title":"TNO report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1263(200007\/08)20:4<273::AID-JAT657>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Allometric respiration\/body mass data for animals to be used for estimates of inhalation toxicity to young adult humans","volume":"20","author":"Bide","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200210000-00017","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensory irritation test (Alarie test) for the assessment of respiratory tract irritation","volume":"44","author":"Bos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-014-1346-z","article-title":"Sensory irritation as a basis for setting occupational exposure limits","volume":"88","author":"Br\u00fcning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1979.10470870","article-title":"Kinetics of the homogeneous gas phase hydrolysis of CCl3COCl, CCl2HCOCl, CH2CICOCl and COCl2","volume":"29","author":"Butler","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.12.011","article-title":"Alternative approaches for acute inhalation toxicity testing to address global regulatory and non-regulatory data requirements: an international workshop report","volume":"48","author":"Clippinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/0002889748507082","article-title":"Acute toxicity in rats and mice exposed to hydrogen chloride gas and aerosols","volume":"35","author":"Darmer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib11","author":"ECHA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00181","article-title":"Measurements of deposition, lung surface area and lung fluid for simulation of inhaled compounds","volume":"7","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00146","article-title":"Why do we have to move fluid to be able to breathe?","volume":"3","author":"Fronius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/073490418900700303","article-title":"Prediction of the toxic effects of fire effluents","volume":"7","author":"Hartzell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/073490418500300304","article-title":"Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases: III: quantification of post-exposure lethality of rats from exposure to HCl atmospheres","volume":"3","author":"Hartzell","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib16","first-page":"232","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by acute phosgene poisoning, a report of 4 cases (paper in Chinese)","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(95)03368-U","article-title":"The application of dosimetry models to identify key processes and parameters for default dose-response assessment approaches","volume":"79","author":"Jarabek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370590929394","article-title":"Dosimetric adjustments for interspecies extrapolation of inhaled poorly soluble particles (PSP)","volume":"17","author":"Jarabek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6183","DOI":"10.1021\/jp022090v","article-title":"Gas-phase hydrolysis of SOCl2 at 297 and 309 K:implications for its atmospheric fate","volume":"107","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib20","series-title":"Acute Toxicity of Thionyl Chloride Vapor for Rats. University of California, Irvine (NTIS Publication No. AD-A148952","author":"Kinkead","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1997.2298","article-title":"Pulmonary structural and extracellular matrix alterations in Fischer 344 rats following subchronic exposure","volume":"37","author":"Kodavanti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fund. Appl. Toxicol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2015.1060328","article-title":"Advances in inhalation dosimetry models and methods for occupational risk assessment and exposure limit derivation","volume":"12","author":"Kuempel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9848","article-title":"Evaluation and application of the RD50 for determining acceptable exposure levels of airborne sensory irritants for the general public","volume":"115","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.01.006","article-title":"Phosgene-induced lung edema: comparison of clinical criteria for increased extravascular lung water content with postmortem lung gravimetry and lavage-protein in rats and dogs","volume":"305","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113668","article-title":"Risk assessment for irritating chemicals - derivation of extrapolation factors","volume":"232","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.09.015","article-title":"Evaluation of airborne sensory irritants for setting exposure limits or guidelines: a systematic approach","volume":"90","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib27","series-title":"Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals","author":"NRC National Research Council","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib28","series-title":"Hydrogen Chloride: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 4. Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels; Committee on Toxicology","first-page":"77","author":"NRC National Research Council","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib29","series-title":"Sulfur Dioxide: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 8. Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels; Committee on Toxicology","first-page":"393","author":"NRC National Research Council","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib30","author":"NRC National Research Council"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib31","series-title":"Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals \u2013 Guideline 403: Acute Inhalation Toxicity","author":"OECD","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib32","series-title":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)-Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No. 39: Guidance Document for Acute Inhalation Toxicity Testing","author":"OECD","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib33","series-title":"Thionyl Chloride - Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Rats in Accordance with OECD Guideline No. 403 (Exposure: 1x4 Hours)","author":"Pauluhn","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib34","series-title":"Thionyl Chloride - Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Rats in Accordance with OECD TG#403 (Exposure: 1x1 Hour)","author":"Pauluhn","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib35","series-title":"Sulfur Dioxide - Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Rats (Exposure: 1x0.5 Hours)","author":"Pauluhn","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370600563680","article-title":"Acute nose-only exposure of rats to phosgene. Part I: concentration x time dependence of LC50s and non-lethal-threshold concentrations and analysis of breathing patterns","volume":"18","author":"Pauluhn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.09.001","article-title":"Concentration \u00d7 time analyses of sensory irritants revisited: weight of evidence or the toxic load approach. That is the question","volume":"316","author":"Pauluhn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152682","article-title":"Phosgene inhalation toxicity: update on mechanisms and mechanism-based treatment strategies","volume":"450","author":"Pauluhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.11.003","article-title":"Transfluthrin: comparative efficacy and toxicity of reference and generic versions","volume":"71","author":"Pauluhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1188","article-title":"A simple approach to validation of directed-flow nose-only inhalation chambers","volume":"27","author":"Pauluhn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"issue":"October 2021","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib41","article-title":"Human risk assessment of inhaled irritants: role of sensory stimulations from spatially separated nociceptors","volume":"462","author":"Pauluhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701479133","article-title":"Workshop summary: phosgene-induced pulmonary toxicity revisited: appraisal of early and late markers of pulmonary injury from animal models with emphasis on human significance","volume":"19","author":"Pauluhn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1139\/v70-087","article-title":"Kinetics of the hydrolysis of thiochloroformate esters in pure water","volume":"48","author":"Queen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib44","series-title":"Medical Physiology, Principles for Clinical Medicine","author":"Rhoades","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/15287397709529614","article-title":"Rapid and accurate determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) and its error with small computer","volume":"3","author":"Rosiello","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1080\/15298669391355017","article-title":"Development of a database for sensory irritants and its use in establishing occupational exposure limits","volume":"54","author":"Schaper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.06.011","article-title":"Lessons learned from read-across case studies for repeated-dose toxicity","volume":"88","author":"Schultz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.05.016","article-title":"A strategy for structuring and reporting a read-across prediction of toxicity","volume":"72","author":"Schultz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01305a011","article-title":"Reactions of thionyl chloride and of its thermal decomposition products with oxalates and formates","volume":"57","author":"Schumb","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib50","series-title":"Methods for Derivation of Inhalation Reference Concentrations and Application of Inhalation Dosimetry","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib51","series-title":"Advances in Inhalation Gas Dosimetry for Derivation of a Reference Concentration (RfC) and Use in Risk Assessment.\u201d 2012","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230601060017","article-title":"Inhalation exposure systems: design, methods and operation","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib54","author":"Yang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9106926","article-title":"Water-assisted dehalogenation of thionyl chloride in the presence of water molecules","volume":"114","author":"Yeung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230022000186?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230022000186?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T12:32:25Z","timestamp":1759494745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230022000186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0273230022000186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Derivation of thresholds for inhaled chemically reactive irritants: Searching for substance-specific common denominators for read-across prediction","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105131","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Covestro Deutschland AG. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105131"}}