{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:10:07Z","timestamp":1785510607198,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:38:29Z","timestamp":1780641509000},"page":"106154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["To blink or not to blink, that is the question: Reassessing rabbit eyeblink conditioning for learning and memory evaluation in nonclinical safety studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Dilshan S.","family":"Harischandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Bushdid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2022.105327","article-title":"FDA and industry collaboration: identifying opportunities to further reduce reliance on nonhuman primates for nonclinical safety evaluations","volume":"138","author":"Ackley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20600","article-title":"Eyeblink conditioning in the developing rabbit","volume":"54","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025929","article-title":"Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and the radial arm maze: spatial memory and serial position effects","volume":"126","author":"Craig","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-010-0364-3","article-title":"Assessing learning and memory in pigs","volume":"14","author":"Gieling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Cognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.02.032","article-title":"Behavioral testing and litter effects in the rabbit","volume":"353","author":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075064002-2.50006-0","article-title":"The rabbit consultation and clinical techniques","author":"Harcourt-Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Textbook of Rabbit Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581816657082","article-title":"Current topics in postnatal behavioral testing","volume":"35","author":"Henck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib9","first-page":"247","article-title":"Functional observational battery (FOB) and neuropathology in New Zealand white rabbits","volume":"15","author":"Hurley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib12","series-title":"S11 Nonclinical Safety Testing in Support of Development of Pediatric Pharmaceuticals; International Council for Harmonisation; Guidance for Industry; Availability","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib11","series-title":"International Conference on Harmonisation; Guidance on S7A Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals; Availability","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.5.1.1","article-title":"Associative transfer and stimulus selection in classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response to serial compound CSs","volume":"5","author":"Kehoe","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1258\/002367795780739962","article-title":"Acquisition of a conditioned reflex in New Zealand White rabbits from three sources","volume":"29","author":"Kehoe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lab. Anim"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib37","article-title":"Restraint stress-induced effects on learning, memory, cognition, and expression of transcripts in different brain regions of mice","volume":"51","author":"Lalrinawma TSK","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1230082","article-title":"Challenges and advanced concepts for the assessment of learning and memory function in mice","volume":"17","author":"Lang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113716","article-title":"Characterization of nonmotor behavioral impairments and their neurochemical mechanisms in the MitoPark mouse model of progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease","volume":"341","author":"Langley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2024.02.009","article-title":"Development and characterization of an automated behavioral assessment platform for the G\u00f6ttingen minipig","volume":"394","author":"Langston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.05.042","article-title":"The effects of chronic stress on hippocampal morphology and function: an evaluation of chronic restraint paradigms","volume":"1161","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Opinion: ethical challenges in depression research: the tail suspension Test, the forced swim Test, and alternative behavioral models","author":"Mohseni","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAALAS"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00586538","article-title":"Restraint induced stress elicits acute-phase response in rabbits","volume":"410","author":"Morimoto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pflueg. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib21","series-title":"NAFTA TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ON PESTICIDES (TWG) DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY STUDY (DNT) GUIDANCE DOCUMENT","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib23","series-title":"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4","article-title":"Test No. 424: neurotoxicity Study in rodents","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib22","series-title":"OECD Series on Testing and Assessment","article-title":"Guidance document for neurotoxicity testing","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib24","series-title":"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 4: Health Effects","article-title":"Test No. 426: developmental neurotoxicity Study","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib25","series-title":"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4","article-title":"Test No. 443: extended one-generation reproductive toxicity Study","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48435-0.00014-9","article-title":"Gastrointestinal diseases of rabbits","author":"Oglesbee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.918520","article-title":"Protocols for the evaluation of neurodevelopmental alterations in rabbit models in vitro and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Pla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43747-5","article-title":"Neural substrates of parallel devaluation-sensitive and devaluation-insensitive Pavlovian learning in humans","volume":"14","author":"Pool","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"S-1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib30","article-title":"Learning and memory tests in developmental neurotoxicity testing: a cross-laboratory comparison of control data","volume":"78","author":"Raffaele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2010.04.053","article-title":"The use of developmental neurotoxicity data in pesticide risk assessments","volume":"32","author":"Raffaele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"issue":"6689","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib31","article-title":"Pressure grows to ditch controversial forced swim test in rodent studies of depression","volume":"383","author":"Reardon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.11.003","article-title":"Assessment of cognitive safety in clinical drug development","volume":"21","author":"Roiser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.15.6637","article-title":"Protein kinase C redistribution within CA3 stratum oriens during acquisition of nictitating membrane conditioning in the rabbit","volume":"88","author":"Scharenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfae022","article-title":"Exploring rabbit as a nonrodent species for general toxicology studies","author":"Sokolowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(94)90078-7","article-title":"Non-cholinergic lethality following intravenous injection of carbamate insecticide in rabbits","volume":"93","author":"Takahashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib36","article-title":"Pavlovian conditioning demonstrated with neuromorphic memristive devices","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib39","article-title":"Nonclinical considerations for mitigating Nonhuman Primate supply constraints arising from the COVID-19 pandemic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Guidance for Industry; Availability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2015.10.004","article-title":"Assessment of learning, memory, and attention in developmental neurotoxicity regulatory studies: synthesis, commentary, and recommendations","volume":"52","author":"Vorhees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib41","article-title":"Tests for learning and memory in rodent regulatory studies","volume":"6","author":"Vorhees","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.03.028","article-title":"Repeated restraint stress enhances cue-elicited conditioned freezing and impairs acquisition of extinction in an age-dependent manner","volume":"248","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230026001273?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0273230026001273?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:33:00Z","timestamp":1785508380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0273230026001273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0273230026001273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2300","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"To blink or not to blink, that is the question: Reassessing rabbit eyeblink conditioning for learning and memory evaluation in nonclinical safety studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yrtph.2026.106154","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106154"}}