{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:12:50Z","timestamp":1782951170695,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":556,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780120139156","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2504(08)60121-x","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,29]],"date-time":"2008-04-29T15:33:47Z","timestamp":1209483227000},"page":"133-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2573,"title":["Ecology of Coarse Woody Debris in Temperate Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"M.E.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.F.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.J.","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Sollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.V.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.D.","family":"Lattin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.H.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.P.","family":"Cline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.G.","family":"Aumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.R.","family":"Sedell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.W.","family":"Lienkaemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"K.","family":"Cromack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.W.","family":"Cummins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2307\/1937028","article-title":"Woody litter decomposition following clear-cutting","volume":"63","author":"Abbott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib2","first-page":"30","article-title":"An ecological study of prairie and forest invertebrates","volume":"11","author":"Adams","year":"1915","journal-title":"Bull. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00365615","article-title":"Lignin chemistry\u2014past, present and future","volume":"11","author":"Adler","year":"1977","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib4","first-page":"614","article-title":"Small mammals and reforestation following prescribed burning","volume":"64","author":"Ahlgren","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-64-1413","article-title":"Distribution, enumeration, and identification of nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with decay in living white fir trees","volume":"64","author":"Aho","year":"1974","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1139\/x78-044","article-title":"Biomass and nutrient distribution in aspen, pine and spruce stands on the same soil type in Minnesota","volume":"8","author":"Alban","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib7","volume":"29","author":"Albion","year":"1926"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.2307\/2421287","article-title":"Biological survey of the bogs and swamps in northeastern Ohio","volume":"30","author":"Aldrich","year":"1943","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib9","first-page":"135","article-title":"Deutsche Limnologische Sunda-Expedition. The craneflies (Tipulidae, Diptera)","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1931","journal-title":"Arch. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib10","unstructured":"R.R. Alexander 1954 Mortality following partial cutting in virgin lodgepole pine. USDA For. Serv. Paper 16. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib11","unstructured":"R.R. Alexander 1956 A comparison of growth and mortality following cutting in old-growth mountain spruce-fir stands. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-20. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0341078","article-title":"The constitution of the cambium, the new wood and the mature sapwood of the common ash, the common elm and the Scotch pine","volume":"34","author":"Allsopp","year":"1940","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib13","first-page":"21","article-title":"A survey of aquatic insects associated with wood debris in New Zealand streams","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mauri Ora"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.24.010179.002031","article-title":"Detritus processing by macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/2424778","article-title":"The role of aquatic invertebrates in processing of wood debris in coniferous forest streams","volume":"100","author":"Anderson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib16","first-page":"1847","article-title":"Patterns of exploitation by stream invertebrates of wood debris (xylophagy)","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib17","first-page":"194","article-title":"Seasonal variation in forest birds of western Oregon","volume":"46","author":"Anderson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Northwest Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1973.03615995003700050041x","article-title":"Forest windthrow and their influence on soil morphology","volume":"37","author":"Armson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib19","unstructured":"S.W. Atkinson (1971). BOD and toxicity of log leachates. M. S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1071\/BT9800199","article-title":"Nutrient cycling in a Eucalyptus obliqua (L'H\u00e9rit.) forest. IV. Nutrient uptake and return","volume":"28","author":"Attiwill","year":"1980","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib21","unstructured":"N.G. Aumen 1985 Characterization of lignocellulose decomposition in stream wood samples using 14C and 15N techniques. Ph. D. dissertation, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.46.6.1409-1416.1983","article-title":"Microbial decomposition of wood in streams: Distribution of microflora and factors affecting [14C] lignocellulose mineralization","volume":"46","author":"Aumen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib23","first-page":"180","article-title":"Regulation of wood decomposition rates by arthropod and annelid populations","volume":"25","author":"Ausmus","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ecol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib24","series-title":"Fifty-year records of virgin stand development in southwestern ponderosa pine","author":"Avery","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent95712-7","article-title":"Laboratory studies on the feeding habits of seven species of ants (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) in Ontario","volume":"95","author":"Ayre","year":"1963","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib26","unstructured":"C.O. Baker 1979 The impacts of log jam removal on fish populations and stream habitat in western Oregon. M. S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.45.2.516-521.1983","article-title":"Bacterial activity of woody substrates in a stream sediment","volume":"45","author":"Baker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/202721a0","article-title":"Hormonal action in production of tumors and compression wood by an aphid","volume":"202","author":"Balch","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2307\/1929398","article-title":"The spruce reproduction problem in Norway","volume":"8","author":"Baldwin","year":"1927","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2307\/1929342","article-title":"A humus study in Norway","volume":"8","author":"Baldwin","year":"1927","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/3020","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the distribution of the millipede Cylindroiulus punctatus (Leach) in decaying logs and soil","volume":"36","author":"Banerjee","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1139\/x83-036","article-title":"Time-related changes in specific gravity and moisture content of spruce budworm-killed balsam fir","volume":"13","author":"Barnes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib33","first-page":"120","article-title":"The pathological deterioration of balsam fir killed by the spruce budworm","volume":"52","author":"Basham","year":"1951","journal-title":"Pulp Pap. Mag. Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib34","first-page":"323","article-title":"Fifty years of chestnut blight in America","volume":"52","author":"Beattie","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2307\/1942455","article-title":"Invertebrate productivity in a subtropical blackwater river: The importance of habitat and life history","volume":"54","author":"Benke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.47.2.381-389.1984","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and microbial degradation of specifically radiolabeled [14C] lignocelluloses from marine and freshwater macrophytes","volume":"47","author":"Benner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.47.5.998-1004.1984","article-title":"Anaerobic biodegradation of the lignin and polysaccharide components of lignocellulose and synthetic lignin by sediment microflora","volume":"47","author":"Benner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib38","first-page":"410","article-title":"Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine forests","volume":"80","author":"Berryman","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib39","first-page":"71","article-title":"Debris removal and its effects on sedimentation in an Oregon Coast Range stream","volume":"53","author":"Beschta","year":"1979","journal-title":"Northwest Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00126715","article-title":"Observations on the nymphs of Povilla adusta Navas (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae) in Lake Kainji, Nigeria","volume":"67","author":"Bidwell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.2307\/1937288","article-title":"Role of organic debris dams in regulating the export of dissolved and particulate matter from a forested watershed","volume":"62","author":"Bilby","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib42","first-page":"609","article-title":"Post-logging removal of woody debris affects stream channel stability","volume":"82","author":"Bilby","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.2307\/1936830","article-title":"Importance of organic debris dams in the structure and function of stream ecosystems","volume":"61","author":"Bilby","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib44","series-title":"Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information","first-page":"62","article-title":"A system of naming habitat types in small streams, with examples of habitat utilization by salmonids during low streamflow","author":"Bisson","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib45","series-title":"Notes on insects bred from bark and wood of the American larch","first-page":"11","author":"Blackman","year":"1918"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib46","series-title":"On the succession of insects living in the bark and wood of dying, dead and decaying hickory","first-page":"1","author":"Blackman","year":"1924"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-68-631","article-title":"Associations among bacteria, yeasts and basidiomycetes during wood decay","volume":"68","author":"Blanchett","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2307\/1366629","article-title":"Breeding bird populations of burned and unburned conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada","volume":"72","author":"Bock","year":"1970","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(83)90096-2","article-title":"Microclimate and moisture dynamics of wood decomposing in terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"15","author":"Boddy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib50","first-page":"269","article-title":"The systematics and phylogeny of the Stenochironomus complex (Xes-tochironomus, Harrisius, and Stenochironomus) (Diptera: Chironomidae)","volume":"128","author":"Borkent","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2307\/3797719","article-title":"Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream","volume":"18","author":"Boussu","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib52","series-title":"Ectomycorrhizae","first-page":"151","article-title":"Mineral nutrition of ectomycorrhizae","author":"Bowen","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.S. Boyce 1923 The deterioration of felled western yellow pine on insect control projects. USDA Agric. Bull. 1140. U. S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.64795"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib54","unstructured":"J.S. Boyce (1929). Deterioration of windthrown timber on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. USDA Tech. Bull. 104. U. S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib55","unstructured":"A.P. Brackebusch 1975 Gain and loss of moisture in large forest fuels. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-173. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.36.100182.001543","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota of termites and other xylophagous insects","volume":"36","author":"Breznak","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib57","series-title":"The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-Term Changes","first-page":"101","article-title":"Treefalls: Frequency, timing and consequences","author":"Brokaw","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib58","unstructured":"J.K. Brown 1974 Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-16. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib59","unstructured":"J.K. Brown T.E. See (1981). Downed dead woody fuel and biomass in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-117. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib60","unstructured":"T. Brush 1981 Response of secondary cavity-nesting birds to manipulation of nest-site availability. M. S. thesis, Arizona State Univ., Tempe."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Bryant (1980). Evolution of large, organic debris after timber harvest: Maybeso Creek, 1949 to 1978. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-101. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon.","DOI":"10.2737\/PNW-GTR-101"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib62","series-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information, October 28\u201330, 1981","first-page":"259","article-title":"Organic debris in salmonid habitat in southeast Alaska: Measurement and effects","author":"Bryant","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1139\/f76-149","article-title":"Acute toxicities of spruce and hemlock bark extracts to some estuarine organisms in southeastern Alaska","volume":"33","author":"Buchanan","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib64","series-title":"Decay and other volume losses in windthrown timber on the Olympic Peninsula","author":"Buchanan","year":"1940"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib65","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Presence and ecological role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with wood decay in streams","volume":"20","author":"Buckley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib66","unstructured":"E.L. Bull (1975). Habitat utilization of the pileated woodpecker, Blue Mountains, Oregon. M. S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib67","series-title":"Snag Habitat Management","first-page":"64","article-title":"Longevity of snags and their use by woodpeckers","author":"Bull","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1139\/f75-087","article-title":"Preferences of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) relative to simulated alteration of winter habitat","volume":"32","author":"Bustard","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1139\/f75-086","article-title":"Aspects of the winter ecology of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri)","volume":"32","author":"Bustard","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib70","first-page":"250","article-title":"Decay resistance of baldcypress heartwood","volume":"10","author":"Campbell","year":"1960","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib71","series-title":"Snag Habitat Management; Symposium Proceedings","first-page":"167","article-title":"Cavities in trees in hardwood forests","author":"Carey","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(81)90026-6","article-title":"Decay of heterogenous detritus: A general model","volume":"89","author":"Carpenter","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/3543969","article-title":"Estimation of standing crop and turnover of dead wood in a Danish oak forest","volume":"28","author":"Christensen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2307\/3544795","article-title":"The states of decay of woody litter determined by relative density","volume":"42","author":"Christensen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/2260007","article-title":"Variation in demography of juvenile Tsuga heterophylla across the substratum mosaic","volume":"72","author":"Christy","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1139\/b82-206","article-title":"First-year survival of Tsuga heterophylla without mycorrhizae and subsequent ectomycorrhizal development of decaying logs and mineral soil","volume":"60","author":"Christy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.2307\/1936115","article-title":"Long-term effects of defoliation of aspen by the forest tent caterpillar","volume":"45","author":"Churchill","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib78","first-page":"314","article-title":"Comparative decay resistance of some common pines, hemlock, spruce and true fir","volume":"3","author":"Clark","year":"1957","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib79","first-page":"103","article-title":"The chemical composition of Canadian woods","volume":"52","author":"Clermont","year":"1951","journal-title":"Pulp Pap. Mag. Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2307\/3808305","article-title":"Snag characteristics and dynamics in Douglas-fir forests, western Oregon","volume":"44","author":"Cline","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib81","first-page":"103","article-title":"Erosion of tephra-covered hillslopes north of Mount St. Helens, Washington: May 1980\u2013May 1981","volume":"46","author":"Collins","year":"1983","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib82","first-page":"575","article-title":"Woodpecker dependence on trees infected by fungal heart rots","volume":"88","author":"Conner","year":"1976","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib83","series-title":"The Handbook of British Mammals","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00014813","article-title":"Nitrogen fixation in decaying chestnut logs","volume":"39","author":"Cornaby","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wood ultrastructure in relation to chemical composition","volume":"11","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"1977","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Phytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib86","series-title":"Forest Entomology, Ecology and Management","author":"Coulson","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1139\/b66-167","article-title":"Nitrogen in wood and its role in wood deterioration","volume":"44","author":"Cowling","year":"1966","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1163\/187631282X00255","article-title":"The metamorphosis of Symposiocladius lignicola (Kieffer) n. gen., n. comb., a wood-mining Chironomidae (Diptera)","volume":"13","author":"Cranston","year":"1982","journal-title":"Entomol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.31.5.714-717.1976","article-title":"Microbial degradation of lignocellulose: The lignin component","volume":"31","author":"Crawford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib90","first-page":"143","article-title":"The role of actinomycetes in the decomposition of lignocellulose","volume":"20","author":"Crawford","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dev. Ind. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.33.6.1247-1251.1977","article-title":"Preparation of specifically labeled 14C [Lignin] and [Glucan]-lignocelluloses and their decomposition by the microflora of soil","volume":"33","author":"Crawford","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1139\/m77-064","article-title":"Degradation of natural and Kraft lignins by the microflora of soil and water","volume":"23","author":"Crawford","year":"1977","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib93","series-title":"Lignin Biodegradation and Transformation","author":"Crawford","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib94","first-page":"35","article-title":"Radioactive methods for the study of lignin biodegradation","volume":"19","author":"Crawford","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dev. Ind. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib95","first-page":"61","article-title":"14C-labeled lignins as substrates for the study of lignin biodegradation and transformation","volume":"1","author":"Crawford","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib96","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ants of North America","volume":"104","author":"Creighton","year":"1950","journal-title":"Bull. Mus. Comp. Tool."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib97","series-title":"Mineral Cycling in Southeastern Ecosystems","first-page":"609","article-title":"Litter production, decomposition, and nutrient cycling in a mixed hardwood watershed and a white pine watershed","author":"Cromack","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib98","first-page":"169","article-title":"Life cycles, microdistribution and production dynamics of six species of net-spinning caddisflies in a large Southeastern (U. S. A.) river","volume":"3","author":"Cudney","year":"1980","journal-title":"Holarctic Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib99","series-title":"Forests: Fresh Perspectives from Ecosystem Analysis. Proceedings 40th Biology Colloquium (1979)","first-page":"191","article-title":"The multiple linkages of forests to streams","author":"Cummins","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.10.110179.001051","article-title":"Feeding ecology of stream invertebrates","volume":"10","author":"Cummins","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib101","series-title":"Stream Ecology, Application and Testing of General Ecological Theory","first-page":"299","article-title":"Organic matter budgets for stream ecosystems: Problems in their evaluation","author":"Cummins","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib102","first-page":"877","article-title":"Some observations on wind damage","volume":"41","author":"Curtis","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib103","series-title":"How long do ponderosa pine snags stand?","author":"Dahms","year":"1949"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.34.6.640-646.1977","article-title":"Effects of long-term treatment with acetylene on nitrogen fixing microorganisms","volume":"34","author":"David","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib105","unstructured":"J.W. Davis G.A. Goodwin R.A. Ockenfels (1983). Snag habitat management: Proceedings of the symposium. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-99. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib106","first-page":"166","article-title":"The floating log and stump communities in the Santee Swamp of South Carolina","volume":"39","author":"Dennis","year":"1974","journal-title":"Castanea"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.S. Denny J.C. Goodlett Microrelief resulting from fallen trees. C.S. Denny \u201cSurflcial Geology and Geomorphology of Potter County, Pennsylvania\u201d 1956 USGS Prof. Pap. 288 Washington Off. Washington, D.C. 59 66","DOI":"10.3133\/pp288"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib108","series-title":"The Fungi. I. The Fungal Cell","first-page":"543","article-title":"The physical environment for fungal growth. 1. Temperature","author":"Deverall","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib109","unstructured":"M.A. Deyrup 1975 The insect community of dead and dying Douglas-fir. 1. The Hymenoptera. Coniferous For. Biome, Ecosyst. Anal. Stud. Bull. 6. Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib110","unstructured":"M.A. Deyrup (1976). The insect community of dead and dying Douglas-fir: Diptera, Coleoptera, and Neuroptera. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib111","first-page":"84","article-title":"Deadwood decomposers","volume":"90","author":"Deyrup","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nat. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib112","series-title":"Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins","first-page":"5","article-title":"Construction of sediment budgets for drainage basins","author":"Dietrich","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/26.1.41","article-title":"Natural regeneration of pine and birch on the heather moors of northeast Yorkshire","volume":"26","author":"Dimbley","year":"1953","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib114","unstructured":"T.L. Dudley 1982 Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera: Tipulidae). M. S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib115","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of invertebrates associated with wood debris in aquatic habitats","volume":"39","author":"Dudley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Melanderia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib116","unstructured":"C.G. Duncan 1961. Relative aeration requirements by soft rot and basidiomycete wood-destroying fungi. USDA For. Prod. Lab. Rep. 2218, Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib117","series-title":"Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems","first-page":"199","article-title":"Biological cycling of minerals in temperate deciduous forests","author":"Duvigneand","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib118","unstructured":"N.T. Edwards 1972 Terrestrial decomposition. Ecol. Sci. Div. Annu. Prog. Rep. (1971), USAEC Rep. No. ORNL-4759, pp. 74\u201385. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tennessee."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2307\/2259387","article-title":"Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea","volume":"65","author":"Edwards","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1929.tb00074.x","article-title":"Zur Kenntnis der Biologie der Rossameise (Camponolus herculeanus (L.))","volume":"14","author":"Eidmann","year":"1929","journal-title":"Z. Angew. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib121","unstructured":"S. Elliot (1978). Ecology of rearing fish. Annu. Rep., Proj. F-9\u201310, 19(D-I), 39\u201352. Alaska Dep. Fish and Game, Fed. Aid in Fish Restoration, Juneau, Alaska."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib122","series-title":"Cellular Ultrastructure of Woody Plants","first-page":"181","article-title":"Inorganic elements in wood","author":"Ellis","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib123","first-page":"283","article-title":"Bacterial attack of pine logs in pond storage","volume":"9","author":"Ellwood","year":"1959","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib124","series-title":"The Pattern of Animal Communities","first-page":"279","article-title":"Dying and dead wood","author":"Elton","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-66-1010","article-title":"Decay resistance and susceptibility of sapwood of fifteen tree species","volume":"66","author":"Eslyn","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib126","series-title":"College Entomology","author":"Essig","year":"1942"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib127","first-page":"521","article-title":"Forest management and anadromous fish habitat productivity","volume":"46","author":"Everest","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.266.6.417","article-title":"Use of the cottonwood in an investigation of the recent history of a floodplain","volume":"266","author":"Everitt","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib129","unstructured":"F.H. Eyre F.R. Longwood 1951 Reducing mortality in old-growth northern hardwoods through partial cutting. USDA For. Serv. Stn. Pap. 25. Lake States For. Exp. Stn., St. Paul, Minnesota."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2307\/2715","article-title":"The community of invertebrates in decaying oak wood","volume":"37","author":"Fager","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2307\/1942587","article-title":"Nutrient dynamics of aboveground detritus in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta splatifolia) ecosystems, southeastern Wyoming","volume":"53","author":"Fahey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00123268","article-title":"Uprooted trees, their distribution and influences in the primeval forest biotope","volume":"38","author":"Falinski","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.40.1.32-39.1980","article-title":"Lignocellulose mineralization by Arctic lake sediments in response to nutrient manipulation","volume":"40","author":"Federle","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.P. Felt 1906 Insects affecting park and woodland trees. N. Y. State Mus. Memoir No. 8, Vol. 2, New York.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.33992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W.C. Fischer B.R. McClelland 1983 A cavity-nesting bird bibliography\u2014including related titles on forest snags, fire, insects, disease, and decay. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-140. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.109387"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1139\/b77-190","article-title":"Effect of habitat and substrate quality on Douglas-fir litter decomposition in western Oregon","volume":"55","author":"Fogel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib137","unstructured":"R. Fogel M. Ogawa J.M. Trappe 1973 Terrestrial decomposition: A synopsis. Coniferous For. Biome Rep. 135. Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib138","unstructured":"C.D. Forward 1984 Organic debris complexity and its effect on small scale distribution and abundance of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry populations in Carnation Creek, British Columbia. B. S. F. thesis, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1139\/x82-094","article-title":"Decomposition of red spruce and balsam fir boles in the White Mountains of New Hampshire","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib140","first-page":"295","article-title":"Foraging behavior of the carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in New Jersey","volume":"53","author":"Fowler","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib141","unstructured":"R.M. Frank B.M. Blum (1978). The selection system of silviculture in spruce-fir stands\u2014procedures, early results, and comparisons with unmanaged stands. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-425 Northeast. For. Exp. Stn., Broomall, Pennsylvania."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib142","series-title":"Decomposer Basidiomycetes, Their Biology and Ecology","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib143","unstructured":"J.F. Franklin C.T. Dyrness 1973 Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib144","series-title":"Forests: Fresh Perspectives from Ecosystem Analysis. Proceedings 40th Biology Colloquium (1979)","first-page":"59","article-title":"Distinctive features of the Northwestern coniferous forest: Development, structure and function","author":"Franklin","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.F. Franklin K. CromackJr. W. Denison A. McKee C. Maser J. Sedell F. Swanson G. Juday 1981 Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-118. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon.","DOI":"10.2737\/PNW-GTR-118"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib146","unstructured":"J.F. Franklin F.J. Swanson J.R. Sedell 1982 Relationships within the valley floor ecosystems in western Olympic National Park: A summary. In \u201cEcological Research in National Parks of the Pacific Northwest. Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scientific Research in the National Parks, San Francisco, California\u201d, pp. 43\u201345. Oregon State Univ., For. Res. Lab., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib147","first-page":"206","article-title":"Timing and causes of mortality in natural coniferous forests of Oregon and Washington","volume":"65","author":"Franklin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib148","unstructured":"H.A. Froehlich 1973 Natural and man-caused slash in headwater streams. Loggers Handb. XXXIII. Pacific Logging Congr., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib149","first-page":"21","article-title":"Bark beetles active following Tillamook Fire","volume":"37","author":"Furniss","year":"1936","journal-title":"Timberman"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib150","unstructured":"R.L. Furniss V.M. Carolin (1977). Western forest insects. USDA For. Serv. Misc. Publ. 1339. U. S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib151","unstructured":"J.R. Gammon (1970). The effect of inorganic sediment on stream biota. Water Pollut. Control Res. Ser. 18050DWC12\/70. Environ. Prot. Agency, Water Qual. Off., Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib152","first-page":"171","article-title":"The distribution of dihydroquercetin in Douglas-fir and western larch","volume":"10","author":"Gardner","year":"1960","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.2307\/1933628","article-title":"Plant and mammal changes on a clearcut in west-central Oregon","volume":"51","author":"Gashwiler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib154","series-title":"Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology","author":"Gauch","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00541109","article-title":"The relationship between wood litter infall and relative abundance and feeding activity of subterranean termites Riliculitermes spp. in three southeastern coastal plain habitats","volume":"54","author":"Gentry","year":"1982","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/49.1.63","article-title":"Litter production in western Washington Douglas-fir stands","volume":"49","author":"Gessel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib157","series-title":"Small Mammals: Their Productivity and Population Dynamics","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2307\/1937416","article-title":"Biomass distribution and production budget for a nonaggrading forest ecosystem","volume":"61","author":"Gosz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2307\/1934293","article-title":"Nutrient content of litter fall on the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest","volume":"53","author":"Gosz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2307\/1942193","article-title":"Nutrient release from decomposing leaf and branch litter in the Hubbard Brook Forest, New Hampshire","volume":"43","author":"Gosz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.L. Gottfried (1978). Five-year growth and development in a virgin Arizona mixed conifer stand. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-203. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.98607"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib162","first-page":"278","article-title":"Food gathering behavior of the ant Camponotus noveboracensis (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","volume":"76","author":"Gotwald","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib163","unstructured":"R.L. Graham (1982). Biomass dynamics of dead Douglas-fir and western hemlock boles in mid-elevation forests of the Cascade Range. Ph. D. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1139\/x82-080","article-title":"Mass, nutrient content and decay rate of dead boles in rain forests of Olympic National Park","volume":"12","author":"Graham","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2307\/1929106","article-title":"The felled tree trunk as an ecological unit","volume":"6","author":"Graham","year":"1925","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib166","first-page":"60","article-title":"Windthrow around staggered settings in old-growth Douglas-fir","volume":"2","author":"Gratkowski","year":"1956","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent82194-9","article-title":"Ants attacking larvae of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)","volume":"82","author":"Green","year":"1950","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib168","first-page":"207","article-title":"Forest structure and dynamics in an Oregon coast Tsuga hetero-phylla-Picea sitchensis forest","volume":"65","author":"Greene","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01377368","article-title":"Nutrient content of the moist tropical forest of Ghana","volume":"12","author":"Greenland","year":"1960","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib170","series-title":"Proceedings: Western Hemlock Management Conference","first-page":"71","article-title":"Biomass, productivity and nitrogen-phosphorus cycles in hemlock-spruce stands of the central Oregon coast","author":"Grier","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1139\/x78-031","article-title":"A Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis ecosystem of coastal Oregon: Decomposition and nutrient balances of fallen logs","volume":"8","author":"Grier","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2307\/1942174","article-title":"Old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii communities of a western Oregon watershed: Biomass distribution and production budgets","volume":"47","author":"Grier","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1139\/x81-021","article-title":"Biomass distribution and above- and below-ground production in young and mature Abies amabilis zone ecosystems of the Washington Cascades","volume":"11","author":"Grier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.15.090177.001535","article-title":"Water potential and wood-decay fungi","volume":"15","author":"Griffin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc7204-4","article-title":"The natural regeneration of spruce in central B. C","volume":"7","author":"Griffith","year":"1931","journal-title":"For. Chron."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.71-18","article-title":"Energy flow through populations of small mammals in the Alaskan Taiga Forest","volume":"16","author":"Grodzinski","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib177","series-title":"Energy Flow through Small Mammal Populations","first-page":"291","article-title":"Energy flow through small rodent populations in a beech forest","author":"Grodzinski","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib178","first-page":"26","article-title":"The biochemistry of lignification","volume":"8","author":"Gross","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib179","first-page":"32","article-title":"Small mammal populations and food selection in relation to timber harvest practices in the western Cascade Mountains","volume":"57","author":"Gunther","year":"1983","journal-title":"Northwest Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib180","first-page":"153","article-title":"Bird fauna of the Finnish forests in relation to forest succession. 1","volume":"2","author":"Haapanen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann. Zool. Fenn."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.T. Hack J.C. Goodlett 1960 Geomorphology and forest ecology of a mountain region in the Central Appalachians. USGS Prof. Pap. 347. Washington Off., Washington, D. C.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp347"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/1931945","article-title":"The interrelationships of logging, birds, and timber regeneration in the Douglas-fir region of northwestern California","volume":"41","author":"Hager","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib183","series-title":"Influence of Forest and Rangeland Management on Anadromous Fish Habitat in Western North America","article-title":"Rehabilitating and enhancing stream habitat: 1. Review and evaluation","author":"Hall","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib184","series-title":"Symposium on Salmon and Trout in Streams","first-page":"355","article-title":"Effects of logging on the habitat of coho salmon and cutthroat trout in coastal streams","author":"Hall","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2307\/1929701","article-title":"Cypress-gum communities in the Blue Girth Swamp near Selma, Alabama","volume":"24","author":"Hall","year":"1943","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib186","first-page":"335","article-title":"The distribution of dihydroquercetin and leucoanthocyanidin in a Douglas-fir tree","volume":"7","author":"Hancock","year":"1957","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib187","first-page":"118","article-title":"Estimates of the productivity of small mammals in a south Swedish spruce plantation","volume":"8","author":"Hansson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann. Zool. Fenn."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib188","first-page":"150","article-title":"Stand development in a130-yr-old spruce-hemlock forest in the Oregon coast","volume":"65","author":"Harcombe","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379561","article-title":"Five years of tree death in a Fagus-Magnolia forest, southeast Texas, USA","volume":"57","author":"Harcombe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib190","unstructured":"M.E. Harmon (1980). The distribution and dynamics of forest fuels in the low elevation forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Res.\/Resour. Manage. Rep. 32. Uplands Field Res. Lab., Gatlinburg, Tennessee."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00363839","article-title":"Decomposition of standing dead trees in the southern Appalachians","volume":"52","author":"Harmon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib192","unstructured":"M.E. Harmon (1985). Logs as sites of tree regeneration in Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla forests of Washington and Oregon. Ph. D. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib193","series-title":"Population Biology of Plants","author":"Harper","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib194","series-title":"Snag Habitat Management","first-page":"125","article-title":"Decay characteristics of pileated woodpecker nest trees","author":"Harris","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib195","series-title":"Environmental Sciences Division Annual Progress Report","first-page":"169","article-title":"Nutrient release from decaying wood","author":"Harris","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib196","series-title":"Environmental Sciences Division Annual Progress Report","first-page":"156","article-title":"Terrestrial ecology section","author":"Harris","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib197","unstructured":"W.F. Harris G.S. Henderson D.E. Todd 1972 Measurement of turnover of biomass and nutrient elements from the woody component of forest litter on Walker Branch Watershed. East. Deciduous For. Biome Memo. Rep. 72\u2013146. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tennessee."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib198","series-title":"IUFRO Biomass Studies","first-page":"43","article-title":"Analysis of forest biomass pools, annual primary production and turnover of biomass for a mixed deciduous forest watershed","author":"Harris","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib199","first-page":"334","article-title":"Morphological and chemical differences between sapwood, discolored sapwood and heartwood in black locust and Osage orange","volume":"14","author":"Hart","year":"1968","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib200","unstructured":"C. Hartley (1958). Evaluation of wood decay in experimental work. USDA For. Prod. Lab. Rep. 2119, Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1139\/f65-095","article-title":"The role of behavior in the ecology and interaction of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri)","volume":"22","author":"Hartman","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib202","first-page":"203","article-title":"Seasonal distribution of ectomycorrhizae in a mature Douglas-fir\/larch forest soil in western Montana","volume":"24","author":"Harvey","year":"1976","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib203","first-page":"350","article-title":"Comparative distribution of ectomycorrhizae in soils of three western Montana forest habitat types","volume":"25","author":"Harvey","year":"1979","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib204","series-title":"The Chemistry of Wood","author":"Hawley","year":"1929"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50175a015","article-title":"The relation between durability and chemical composition of wood","volume":"16","author":"Hawley","year":"1924","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib206","unstructured":"G.L. Hayes (1940). The moisture content of large sized fuels as an index of intraseasonal and seasonal fire danger severity. M. S. thesis, Yale Univ., New Haven, Connecticut."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05174.x","article-title":"Influences of a forest on the hydraulic geometry of two mountain streams","volume":"8","author":"Heede","year":"1972","journal-title":"Water Resour. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.H. Heede (1972b). Flow and channel characteristics of two high mountain streams. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-96. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.98644"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib209","unstructured":"B.H. Heede 1977 Influence of forest density on bedload movement in a small mountain stream. \u201cHydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest. Vol. 7. Proceedings of the 1977 Meetings of the Arizona Section of the American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section of the Arizona Academy of Science,\u201d pp. 103\u2013107. Tucson, Arizona."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1139\/x74-048","article-title":"Longitudinal variation of specific gravity in stems of black spruce, balsam fir and lodgepole pine","volume":"4","author":"Heger","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib211","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth North American Forest Soils Conference","first-page":"179","article-title":"An ecosystem approach to characterization of the nitrogen cycle in a deciduous forest watershed","author":"Henderson","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib212","first-page":"385","article-title":"Nutrient budgets of Appalachian and Cascade region watersheds: A comparison","volume":"24","author":"Henderson","year":"1978","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2307\/1934413","article-title":"Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material\u2014an approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire","volume":"55","author":"Henry","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib214","unstructured":"G.H. Hepting (1971). Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 386. U. S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib215","series-title":"The Insect Factor in Wood Decay","author":"Hickin","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib216","series-title":"Wood Extractives and Their Significance to the Pulp and Paper Industry","author":"Hillis","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib217","first-page":"247","article-title":"Secondary changes in wood","volume":"11","author":"Hillis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Phytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib218","first-page":"536","article-title":"Beetle-killed Engelmann spruce: Its deterioration in Colorado","volume":"63","author":"Hinds","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib219","unstructured":"W.W. Hines (1971). Plant communities in the old-growth forests of north coastal Oregon. M. S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.29203\/ka.1973.76","article-title":"Passive entry of spores into wood","volume":"13","author":"Hintikka","year":"1973","journal-title":"Karstenia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2307\/1929758","article-title":"Small mammals in old field succession","volume":"40","author":"Hirth","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib222","series-title":"Wood Deterioration and Its Prevention by Preservative Treatments. Vol. 1: Degradation and Protection of Wood","first-page":"247","article-title":"Degradation and protection of wood from marine organisms","author":"Hochman","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2307\/2258847","article-title":"Dry weight loss and chemical changes in vascular plant litter of terrestrial origin, occurring in a beaver pond ecosystem","volume":"63","author":"Hodkinson","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib224","unstructured":"D. Hogan (1985). The influence of large organic debris on channel morphology in Queen Charlotte Island streams. In \u201cProceedings of the Western Division of the American Fisheries Society, Victoria, British Columbia, July 17\u201320, 1984.\u201d In press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.1944.tb00614.x","article-title":"Ueber die forstlich wichtigen Ameisen des nordostkarelischen Urwaldes. Teil I","volume":"30","author":"H\u00f6lldobler","year":"1944","journal-title":"Z. Angew. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2307\/3857","article-title":"Bird community dynamics and energetics in a northern hardwoods ecosystem","volume":"44","author":"Holmes","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib227","first-page":"397","article-title":"Bird populations in the hemlock sere on the Highlands Plateau, North Carolina, 1946 to 1972","volume":"86","author":"Holt","year":"1974","journal-title":"Wilson Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib228","unstructured":"B.W. Holtam, ed. (1971). Windblow of Scottish forests in January 1968. [British] For. Comm. Bull. 45. Her Majesty's Stationery Off., Edinburgh."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib229","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effects of some clearcutting practices on small-mammal populations in western Oregon","volume":"50","author":"Hooven","year":"1976","journal-title":"Northwest Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/44.4.581","article-title":"Insect communities of standing dead pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.)","volume":"44","author":"Howden","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib231","unstructured":"M.H. Huff 1984 Post-fire succession in the Olympic Mountains, Washington: Forest vegetation, fuels, and avifauna. Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/227300a0","article-title":"Biological control of decay fungi in wood by competition for non-structural carbohydrates","volume":"227","author":"Hulme","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/3753431","article-title":"Laboratory tests on durability of American woods. I. Flask test on conifers","volume":"8","author":"Humphrey","year":"1916","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib234","series-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Salmon and Trout in Streams, February 22\u201324","first-page":"281","article-title":"Effects of habitat alteration on production, standing crops and yield of brook trout in Lawrence Creek, Wisconsin","author":"Hunt","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib235","series-title":"Geographical Approaches to Fluvial Processes","first-page":"93","article-title":"Erosion processes in small forested catchments in Luxemborg","author":"Imeson","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib236","unstructured":"International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. (1966). Effects of log driving on the salmon and trout populations in the Stellako River, Vancouver, British Columbia. Prog. Rep. 14, Vancouver, British Columbia."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib237","unstructured":"S. Jackman (1974). Some characteristics of cavity nesters: Can we ever leave enough snags? Oregon Coop. Wildl. Res. Unit, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib238","unstructured":"[Japanese] Forestry Agency. (1955). A memoir of the scientific investigations of the primeval forests in the headwaters of the River Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan, 1952\u20131954. For. Agency, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194912000-00001","article-title":"Comparative study on decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions","volume":"68","author":"Jenny","year":"1949","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib240","first-page":"384","article-title":"Oxygen and carbon dioxide affect the growth of wood-decaying fungi","volume":"13","author":"Jensen","year":"1967","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib241","series-title":"Growth and mortality in an old-age jack pine stand. Minn. For. Res. Note 261","author":"Jensen","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2307\/1929668","article-title":"Breeding bird populations in relation to plant succession on the Piedmont of Georgia","volume":"37","author":"Johnston","year":"1956","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1945.tb05026.x","article-title":"The structure and reproduction of the virgin forest of the North Temperate Zone","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"1945","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib244","unstructured":"J. June 1981 Life history and habitat utilization of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in a headwater stream on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. M. S. thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib245","first-page":"129","article-title":"Decomposition of wood","volume":"1","author":"K\u00e4\u00e4rik","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib246","unstructured":"M.G. Kaufman (1983). Life history and feeding ecology of Xylotopus par (Coquillett) (Diptera: Chironomidae). M. S. thesis, Central Michigan Univ., Mount Pleasant."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib247","first-page":"735","article-title":"How soon do yellow pine snags fall?","volume":"27","author":"Keen","year":"1929","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib248","first-page":"720","article-title":"The rate of natural falling of beetle-killed ponderosa pine snags","volume":"53","author":"Keen","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3290040406","article-title":"Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial processes","volume":"4","author":"Keller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib250","series-title":"Adjustments of the Fluvial System. 1979 Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Geomorphology Symposium","first-page":"169","article-title":"Effects of large organic debris on channel form and fluvial processes in the coastal redwood environment","author":"Keller","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib251","unstructured":"E.A. Keller A. MacDonald T. Tally N.J. Merritt (1985). Effects of large organic debris on channel morphology and sediment storage in selected tributaries of Redwood Creek. In \u201cGeomorphic Processes and Aquatic Habitat in the Redwood Creek Drainage Basin.\u201d USGS Prof. Pap. Washington Off., Washington, D. C. In press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/1930348","article-title":"Bird populations and biotic communities in northern lower Michigan","volume":"29","author":"Kendeigh","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib253","unstructured":"M.F. Ker 1980 Tree biomass equations for ten major tree species in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. Can. For. Serv. Inf. Rep. M-X-108. Maritimes For. Res. Cent., Fredericton, New Brunswick."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib254","unstructured":"J.W. Kimmey (1955). Rate of deterioration of fire-killed timber in California. USDA Circ. 962, Washington Off., Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib255","unstructured":"J.W. Kimmey R.L. Furniss (1943). Deterioration of fire-killed Douglas-fir. USDA Tech. Bull. 851. Washington Off., Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib256","series-title":"Forest Fertilization Conference","first-page":"266","article-title":"FORCYTE: A computer simulation approach to evaluating the effect of whole-tree harvesting on the nutrient budget in Northwest forests","author":"Kimmins","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib257","unstructured":"J. Kimmins K. Scoullar (1981). FORCYTE-10. In \u201cProceedings of the 3rd Bioenergy R&D Seminar,\u201d pp. 55\u201359. Nat. Res. Counc. of Canada, Ottawa."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib258","series-title":"The Olympic Rain Forest","author":"Kirk","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib259","series-title":"Wood Deterioration and Its Prevention by Preservative Treatments","first-page":"149","article-title":"The chemistry and biochemistry of decay","author":"Kirk","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00738547","article-title":"Influence of culture parameters on lignin metabolism by Phanerochaete chrysosporium","volume":"117","author":"Kirk","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2307\/1380008","article-title":"Responses of small mammals to the clearcutting of northeastern Appalachian forests","volume":"58","author":"Kirkland","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Mamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib262","first-page":"50","article-title":"Natural reproduction in the Adirondack forests","volume":"1","author":"Knechtel","year":"1903","journal-title":"For. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib263","first-page":"2175","article-title":"Bacteria associated with wood products and their effect on certain chemical and physical properties of wood","volume":"25","author":"Knuth","year":"1964","journal-title":"Diss. Abstr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib264","first-page":"437","article-title":"Bacterial deterioration of pine logs in pond storage","volume":"12","author":"Knuth","year":"1962","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/1943304","article-title":"Perpetuation of spruce on cut-over and burned lands in the higher Southern Appalachian Mountains","volume":"7","author":"Korstian","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib266","first-page":"171","article-title":"The morphogenic role of foehn wind in the mountains","volume":"4","author":"Kotarba","year":"1970","journal-title":"Stud. Geomorphol. Carpatho-Balancia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc57112-3","article-title":"Equations for estimating bark volume and thickness of commercial trees in British Columbia","volume":"57","author":"Kozak","year":"1981","journal-title":"For. Chron."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib268","first-page":"105","article-title":"Natural root grafting in northern Wisconsin","volume":"59","author":"Kozlowski","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1139\/x82-005","article-title":"Fungi from decayed wood as ectomycorrhizal symbiont of western hemlock","volume":"12","author":"Kropp","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib270","first-page":"281","article-title":"La r\u00e9g\u00e9neration de l'\u00e9picea en haute montague","volume":"85","author":"Lachauss\u00e9e","year":"1947","journal-title":"Rev. Eaux For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.2307\/1939054","article-title":"Loss of mass and chemical change in decaying boles of a subalpine balsam fir forest","volume":"61","author":"Lambert","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2307\/1936587","article-title":"Detritus dynamics in a mature oak forest: Hutchenson Memorial Forest, New Jersey","volume":"59","author":"Lang","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1139\/x78-050","article-title":"N2 fixation associated with wood decayed by some common fungi in western Montana","volume":"8","author":"Larsen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib274","first-page":"292","article-title":"N2 fixation in brown-rotted soil wood in an intermountain cedar-hemlock ecosystem","volume":"28","author":"Larsen","year":"1982","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib275","first-page":"395","article-title":"Attacks of mountain pine beetle as related to tree vigor of ponderosa pine","volume":"29","author":"Larsson","year":"1983","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib276","first-page":"315","article-title":"The interrelationships of bark beetles and blue-staining fungi in felled Norway pine timber","volume":"49","author":"Leach","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res. (Washington, D. C.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib277","first-page":"129","article-title":"Further studies on the interrelationship of insects and fungi in the deterioration of felled Norway pine logs","volume":"55","author":"Leach","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res. (Washington, D. C.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib278","series-title":"Silvicultural management of black spruce in Minnesota","author":"LeBarron","year":"1950"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.2307\/2421099","article-title":"Wood as a substratum for perennial plants in the Southeast","volume":"34","author":"Lemon","year":"1945","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib280","series-title":"Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology","author":"Leopold","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5962\/p.371986","article-title":"Notes on the life history of the toed-winged beetle Anchytarsus bicolor (Melsheimer) (Coleoptera: Ptilodactilidae)","volume":"30","author":"LeSage","year":"1976","journal-title":"Coleopt. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1051\/limn\/1976005","article-title":"Cycles biologiques d'Elmidae (Coleopteres) de ruisseaux des Laurentides, Quebec","volume":"12","author":"LeSage","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Limnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib283","unstructured":"L.C. Lestelle 1978 The effects of forest debris removal on a population of resident cutthroat trout in a small headwater stream. M. S. thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2296(08)60253-0","article-title":"The soft rot fungi: Their mode of action and significance in the degradation of wood","volume":"2","author":"Levi","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib285","series-title":"Decomposer Basidiomycetes: Their Biology and Ecology","first-page":"161","article-title":"The place of basidiomycetes in the decay of wood in contact with the ground","author":"Levy","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib286","first-page":"116","article-title":"Changes in large organic debris in forested streams, western Oregon","volume":"12","author":"Lienkaemper","year":"1980","journal-title":"Abstr. Annu. Meet. Geol. Soc. Am., 76th"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib287","series-title":"Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins","first-page":"122","article-title":"Development, maintenance, and role of organic-debris dams in New England streams","author":"Likens","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib288","series-title":"Chemical analysis of plant tissues from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem in New Hampshire","author":"Likens","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib289","series-title":"Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem","author":"Likens","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib290","series-title":"The Fungi. I. The Fungal Cell","first-page":"163","article-title":"Chemical constituents of the fungal cell","author":"Lilly","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib291","unstructured":"T.E. Lisle H.M. Kelsey 1982 Effects of large roughness elements on the thalweg course and pool spacing. \u201cAmerican Geomorphological Field Group Field Trip Guidebook,\u201d 1982 Conference, Pinedale, Wyoming (L. B. Leopold, ed.), pp. 134\u2013135. Leopold, Berkeley, California."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1139\/f70-144","article-title":"Stream habitat utilization by cohabiting underyearlings of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) in the Big Qualicum River, British Columbia","volume":"27","author":"Lister","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/2524","article-title":"Numerical observations on movements of animals between beech litter and fallen branches","volume":"32","author":"Lloyd","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib294","series-title":"Geomorphology","author":"Lobeck","year":"1939"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib295","first-page":"995","article-title":"Factors affecting the reproduction of Engelmann spruce","volume":"30","author":"Lowdermilk","year":"1925","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib296","volume":"2","author":"Lyell","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib297","series-title":"Mound and pit microrelief in relation to soil disturbance and tree distribution in New Brunswick","author":"Lyford","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib298","unstructured":"L.J. Lyon (1977). Attrition of lodgepole pine snags on the Sleeping Child Burn, Montana. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note INT-219. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib299","unstructured":"R.W. McArdle (1931). Overtopping of Douglas-fir snags by reproduction. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note PNW-8. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib300","first-page":"23","article-title":"Phellinus wierii infestations of two mountain hemlock forests in the Oregon Cascades","volume":"26","author":"McCauley","year":"1980","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib301","unstructured":"B.R. McClelland 1977 Relationships between hole-nesting birds, forest snags, and decay in western larch-Douglas-fir forests of the northern Rocky Mountains. Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of Montana, Missoula."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.40.4.735-740.1980","article-title":"Mineralization of detrital lignocelluloses by salt marsh sediment microflora","volume":"40","author":"Maccubbin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2307\/1932645","article-title":"Plant succession on decaying logs in a virgin spruce-fir forest","volume":"29","author":"McCullough","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib304","unstructured":"A. MacDonald E. Keller 1983 Large organic debris and anadromous fish habitat in the coastal redwood environment: The hydrologic system. Tech. Completion Rep., OWRT Proj. B-213\u2013CAL, Water Resour. Cent., Univ. of California, Davis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1966.03615995003000040032x","article-title":"The persistence of decaying wood in humus layers of northern forests","volume":"30","author":"McFee","year":"1966","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib306","series-title":"Ecological Research in National Parks of the Pacific Northwest","first-page":"22","article-title":"Structure, composition and reproductive behavior of terrace forests, South Fork Hoh River, Olympic National Park","author":"McKee","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2307\/2401378","article-title":"Submerged trees as a substrate for benthic fauna in the recently created Lake Kariba (Central Africa)","volume":"7","author":"McLachlan","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib308","first-page":"510","article-title":"Distribution of fungicidal extractives (thujapli-cin and water-soluble phenols) in western red cedar heartwood","volume":"6","author":"MacLean","year":"1956","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib309","first-page":"380","article-title":"Thermal conductivity of wood","volume":"13","author":"MacLean","year":"1941","journal-title":"Heating, Piping Air Condition."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2307\/2425170","article-title":"Log decomposition in Donaldson's Woods, Spring Mill State Park, Indiana","volume":"106","author":"MacMillan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib311","first-page":"43","article-title":"Bark beetles, Pseudohylesinus spp. (Coleoptera:Scolytidae), associated with Amabilis fir defoliated by Neodiprion sp. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)","volume":"78","author":"McMullen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Soc. B. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib312","unstructured":"R.W. Mannan (1977). Use of snags by birds, Douglas-fir region, western Oregon. M. S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2307\/3808306","article-title":"Use of snags by birds in Douglas-fir forests, western Oregon","volume":"44","author":"Mannan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib314","series-title":"Cavity Nesting Birds of the Olympic National Forest. Coll. For. Resour","author":"Manuwal","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib315","series-title":"A study of small mammal populations in northern Michigan","first-page":"1","author":"Manville","year":"1949"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib316","unstructured":"P.I. Marikovskii (1956). Observations on the biology of the destructive carpenter ant and wood ants inhabiting the montane forests of Kirghizia. Trudy Inst. Zool. i Parasitologii A N Kergizskoi SSR, No. 5, Frunze. (In Russian, as cited in Rozhkov, 1966, English translation, 1970.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1982.tb01386.x","article-title":"The geomorphic significance of log steps in forest streams","volume":"72","author":"Marston","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5962\/p.345325","article-title":"Changes in small mammal populations after clearcutting of northern Ontario black spruce forest","volume":"91","author":"Martell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Can. Field-Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2307\/1931946","article-title":"An analysis of bird populations in relation to forest succession in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario","volume":"41","author":"Martin","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib320","unstructured":"C. Maser J.M. Trappe, tech. eds. (1984). The seen and unseen world of the fallen tree. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-164. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2307\/1938784","article-title":"Fungal-small mammal interrelationships with emphasis on Oregon coniferous forests","volume":"59","author":"Maser","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib322","series-title":"Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests, the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington","article-title":"Dead and down woody material","author":"Maser","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Maser B.R. Mate J.F. Franklin C.T. Dyrness (1981). Natural history of Oregon coast mammals. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-133. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon, in cooperation with USDI Bur. Land Manage.","DOI":"10.2737\/PNW-GTR-133"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib324","first-page":"123","article-title":"Carbon dioxide fluxes from conventional and whole tree harvested watersheds\u2014effects of woody residue","volume":"65","author":"Matson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W.R. Meehan W.A. Farr D.M. Bishop J.H. Patric 1969 Some effects of clearcutting on salmon habitat on two southeastern Alaska streams. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-82. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.87997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib326","unstructured":"W.R. Meehan F.J. Swanson J.R. Sedell 1977 Influences of riparian vegetation on aquatic ecosystems with particular references to salmonid fishes and their food supply. In \u201cImportance, Preservation and Management of Riparian Habitat, a Symposium\u201d (R. R. Johnson and D. A. Jones, tech. coords.). USDA-For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib327","series-title":"Sediment Budgets and Routing in Forested Drainage Basins","first-page":"114","article-title":"Channel sediment storage behind obstructions in forested drainage basins draining the granitic bedrock of the Idaho Batholith","author":"Megahan","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib328","unstructured":"W.F. Megahan R.A. Nowlin 1976 Sediment storage in channels draining small forested watersheds in the mountains of central Idaho. In \u201cProceedings of the 3rd Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference,\u201d Denver, Colorado, 4-115\u20134-126. Sediment. Comm. of Water Resour. Counc, Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2307\/1936780","article-title":"Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics","volume":"63","author":"Melillo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00385224","article-title":"The influence of substrate quality and stream size on wood decomposition dynamics","volume":"38","author":"Melillo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib331","unstructured":"J.M. Melillo R.J. Naiman J.D. Aber A.E. Linkins 1985 Factors controlling mass loss and nitrogen dynamics of plant litter decaying in northern streams. Bull. Mar. Sci. Spec. Detritus Symp., 1984."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib332_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1139\/b66-168","article-title":"Role of nitrogen in wood deterioration: Amounts and distribution in tree stems","volume":"44","author":"Merrill","year":"1966","journal-title":"Can. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib332_2","series-title":"History of Manistee County, Michigan","year":"1883"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib333","first-page":"882","article-title":"Rate of deterioration of beetle-killed Engelmann spruce","volume":"48","author":"Mielke","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib334","unstructured":"E. Miller D.R. Miller 1980 Snag use by birds. \u201cProceedings of the Workshop on Management of Western Forests and Grasslands for Nongame Birds, 1980 February 11\u201314; Salt Lake City\u201d (R. M. DeGraaf, tech. coord.), pp. 337\u2013356. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-86. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib335","unstructured":"J.M. Miller K.P. Keen (1960). Biology and control of the western pine beetle. USDA For. Serv. Misc. Publ. 800, Washington Off., Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib336","first-page":"351","article-title":"Decomposition rates of aspen bole and branch litter","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"1983","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2307\/2258238","article-title":"Addition, decomposition and accumulation of organic matter in forests","volume":"56","author":"Minderman","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib338","unstructured":"D. Minore (1972). Germination and early survival of coastal tree species on organic seed beds. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-135. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib339","first-page":"81","article-title":"Colony foundation and pleometrosis in Camponotus (Hymenoptera:For-micidae)","volume":"55","author":"Mintzer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pan-Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib340","first-page":"204","article-title":"Thinning lodgepole pine increases tree vigor and resistance to mountain pine beetle","volume":"29","author":"Mitchell","year":"1983","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib341","first-page":"438","article-title":"Simulation of forest tree mortality","volume":"22","author":"Monserud","year":"1976","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib342","series-title":"Decomposer Basidiomycetes: Their Biology and Ecology","first-page":"51","article-title":"The role of polysaccharidase enzymes in the decay of wood by basidiomycetes","author":"Montgomery","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib343","unstructured":"H.A. Mooney T.M. Bonnicksen N.L. Christensen J.E. Lotan W.A. Reiners 1981 Fire regimes and ecosystem properties. USDA Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26, Washington Off., Washington, D. C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.13.010168.001323","article-title":"Bionomics of Siricidae","volume":"13","author":"Morgan","year":"1968","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2307\/1375718","article-title":"Population studies on some small forest mammals in eastern Canada","volume":"36","author":"Morris","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Mamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1977.tb05719.x","article-title":"Density-dependent mortality of trout fry (Salmo tritta L.) and its relationship to the management of small streams","volume":"11","author":"Mortensen","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Fish. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3290060606","article-title":"The influence of organic debris on channel morphology and bedload transport in a New Zealand forest stream","volume":"6","author":"Mosley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3290080408","article-title":"The impact of afforestation on stream bank erosion and channel form","volume":"8","author":"Murgatroyd","year":"1983","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib349","unstructured":"M.L. Murphy K.V. Koski J. Heifetz S.W. Johnson D. Kirchhofer J.F. Thedinga 1985 Role of large organic debris as winter habitat for juvenile salmonids in Alaska streams. Proc. Western Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies, Vol. 64. Victoria, B.C. In press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib350","first-page":"7","article-title":"Predation by carpenter ants: A deterrent to the spread of cinnabar moth","volume":"73","author":"Myers","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Soc. B.C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-112","article-title":"Relationships between metabolic parameters and stream order in Oregon","volume":"37","author":"Naiman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib352","series-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Forest Land Uses and Stream Environment, October 19\u201321, 1970","first-page":"100","article-title":"Effects of logging debris on fish production","author":"Narver","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib353","first-page":"291","article-title":"Extractives produced during heartwood formation in relation to amounts of parenchyma in Juglans nigra and Quercus rubra. Can","volume":"5","author":"Nelson","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2307\/1934344","article-title":"Establishment of invertebrate communities on log substrates in the Kaskaskia River, Illinois","volume":"54","author":"Nilsen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2307\/1375269","article-title":"Small mammals of the Highlands (North Carolina) Plateau","volume":"30","author":"Odum","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Mamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2307\/1931577","article-title":"Bird populations of the Highlands (North Carolina) Plateau in relation to plant succession and avian invasion","volume":"31","author":"Odum","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib357","first-page":"lvii","volume":"23","author":"Ogden","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib358","first-page":"37","article-title":"Relationship of specific gravity to tree height in commercially important species","volume":"22","author":"Okkonen","year":"1972","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2307\/1939005","article-title":"Reconstruction of a mixed forest in central New England","volume":"58","author":"Oliver","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.2307\/1932179","article-title":"Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems","volume":"44","author":"Olson","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib361","unstructured":"P.W. Orr 1963 Windthrown timber survey in the Pacific Northwest 1962. USDA For. Serv., Pacific Northwest Reg., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib362","unstructured":"J.G. Osborn 1981 The effects of logging on cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) in small headwater streams. Fish. Res. Inst. FR1\u2013VW-8113, Univ. Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib363","unstructured":"A.S. Packard Jr. 1890 Insects injurious to forest and shade trees. USDA, U.S. Entomol. Comm. Fifth Rep., Washington Off., Washington, D.C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib364","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Seasonal oxygen and carbon dioxide content of decaying wood as a component of Orthosoma brunneum (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambyci-dae)","volume":"41","author":"Paim","year":"1963","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib365_1","series-title":"Textbook of Wood Technology","author":"Panshin","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib365_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.17.4.364","article-title":"The digestive enzymes of some wood-boring beetle larvae","volume":"17","author":"Parkin","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2307\/1941398","article-title":"Distribution and cycling of nutrients in an aspen-mixed-hardwood-spodosol ecosystem in Wisconsin","volume":"65","author":"Pastor","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3290080104","article-title":"Medium-term effects of two landsliding episodes on channel storage of sediment","volume":"8","author":"Pearce","year":"1983","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2307\/1930035","article-title":"Small mammals and old field succession on the piedmont of New Jersey","volume":"40","author":"Pearson","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib369","unstructured":"E.C. Peck (1953). The sap or moisture in wood. For. Prod. Lab. Rep. D768. USDA For. Serv., Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2307\/2996212","article-title":"Twenty-six years of change in a Pinus strobus-Acer saccharum forest, Lake Itasca, Minnesota","volume":"111","author":"Peet","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Torrey Bot. Club"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib371","first-page":"129","article-title":"Studies on the ecology of Feronia oblongopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)","volume":"17","author":"Penney","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans. Soc. Br. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib372","unstructured":"C.R. D. Pereira (1980). Life history studies of Cinygma integrum Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) and other mayflies associated with wood substrates in Oregon streams. M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib373","first-page":"35","article-title":"Observations on the life histories and feeding of Cinygma integrum Eaton and Ironodes nitidus (Eaton) (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)","volume":"39","author":"Pereira","year":"1982","journal-title":"Melanderia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib374","first-page":"23","article-title":"Gut content analysis of aquatic insects from wood substrates","volume":"39","author":"Pereira","year":"1982","journal-title":"Melanderia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1139\/f76-321","article-title":"Aqueous leachate from western red cedar: Effects on some aquatic organisms","volume":"33","author":"Peters","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Fish. Res. Board Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.1974.tb00103.x","article-title":"Leaf processing in a woodland stream","volume":"4","author":"Petersen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Freshwater Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib377","unstructured":"N.P. Peterson 1980). The role of spring ponds in the winter ecology and natural production of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib378_1","series-title":"A Field Guide to Western Birds","author":"Peterson","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib378_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00039796","article-title":"Macroinvertebrates of flooded trees in the man-made Volta Lake (Ghana) with special reference to the burrowing mayfly, Povilla adusta Navas","volume":"36","author":"Petr","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib379","series-title":"Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation","author":"Pfankuch","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib380","first-page":"469","article-title":"Simulation studies of line intersect sampling of forest residue","volume":"24","author":"Pickford","year":"1978","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib381","series-title":"Mathematical Ecology","author":"Pielou","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib382","unstructured":"I.C. M. Place 1955. The influence of seedbed conditions on the regeneration of spruce and balsam fir. For. Branch Bull. 117, Dep. North. Aff. and Natl. Resour., Ottawa, Ontario."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1139\/x72-065","article-title":"Factors influencing the weight of black spruce and balsam fir stems","volume":"2","author":"Pneumaticos","year":"1972","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1029\/WR010i005p00983","article-title":"The biochemical oxygen demand of finely divided logging debris in stream water","volume":"10","author":"Ponce","year":"1974","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/1535732","article-title":"The life history of the carpenter ant","volume":"14","author":"Pricer","year":"1908","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1139\/x83-133","article-title":"Uprooting and snapping of trees: Structural determinants and ecological consequences","volume":"13","author":"Putz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib387","unstructured":"M.G. Raphael (1980). Utilization of standing dead trees by breeding birds at Sagehen Creek, California. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib388","unstructured":"M.G. Raphael (1983). Analysis of habitat requirements of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in three early-successional stages of Douglas-fir forest. USDA For. Serv. Final Rep., Agreement No. PSW-82\u20130068. Pacific Southwest Reg., San Francisco, California."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib389","first-page":"66","article-title":"Use of snags by cavity-nesting birds in the Sierra Nevada","volume":"86","author":"Raphael","year":"1984","journal-title":"Wildl. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib390","unstructured":"M.G. Raphael K.V. Rosenberg C.A. Taylor 1982 Administrative study of relationships between wildlife and old-growth forest stands, phase III. USDA For. Serv. Interim Rep. 3, Suppl. RO-44, Master Agreement No. 21\u2013395. Pacific Southwest Reg., San Francisco, California."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2296(08)60090-7","article-title":"Population and community structure and dynamics of fungi in decaying wood","volume":"7","author":"Rayner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib392","series-title":"Decomposer Basidiomycetes: Their Biology and Ecology","first-page":"109","article-title":"Population structure in wood-decomposing basidiomycetes","author":"Rayner","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib393","first-page":"239","article-title":"From woods to sawmill: Transportation problems in logging","volume":"23","author":"Rector","year":"1949","journal-title":"Agric. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib394","unstructured":"L.R. Reid 1981 Sediment production from gravel-surfaced roads, Clearwater basin. Final Rep. FR1\u2013UW-8108. Wash. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib395","first-page":"9","article-title":"Natural harvesting of trees William L","volume":"2","author":"Reiners","year":"1965","journal-title":"Hutcheson Mem. For. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1515\/hfsg.1973.27.3.103","article-title":"Decay resistance of six wood species from the Amazon Basin of Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Reis","year":"1972","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib397","first-page":"521","article-title":"Rate of deterioration in spruce killed by the European spruce sawfly","volume":"43","author":"Riley","year":"1942","journal-title":"Pulp Pap. Mag. Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02181997","article-title":"Nitrogen fixation in hardwood forests of the northeastern United States","volume":"54","author":"Roskoski","year":"1980","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(81)90109-7","article-title":"Comparative C2H2 reduction and 15N2 fixation in deciduous wood litter","volume":"13","author":"Roskoski","year":"1981","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib400","first-page":"733","article-title":"Many bark beetles destroyed by predaceous mites","volume":"26","author":"Rust","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.H. Ruth R.A. Yoder 1953 Reducing wind damage in the forests of the Oregon Coast Range. USDA For. Serv. Stn. Pap. 7. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.81527"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib402","series-title":"Pulping Processes","author":"Rydholm","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib403","series-title":"Energy Flow Through Small Mammal Populations","first-page":"281","article-title":"Estimates of consumption of rodent populations in different pine forest ecosystems","author":"Ryszkowski","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.S. Sacket 1979 Natural fuel loadings in a ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests of the Southwest. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-213. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.98634"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2307\/1365248","article-title":"An analysis of avifaunas in the Teton Mountains and Jackson Hole, Wyoming","volume":"59","author":"Salt","year":"1957","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent96894-6","article-title":"The biology of carpenter ants in New Brunswick","volume":"96","author":"Sanders","year":"1964","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2307\/1933979","article-title":"The distribution of carpenter ant colonies in the spruce-fir forests of northwestern Ontario","volume":"51","author":"Sanders","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent1041681-11","article-title":"Seasonal and daily activity patterns of carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) in northwestern Ontario (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","volume":"104","author":"Sanders","year":"1972","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.2307\/1943233","article-title":"Ecological relations of certain animals in dead pine and oak logs","volume":"9","author":"Savely","year":"1939","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1954.tb01126.x","article-title":"Breakdown of timber by ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti","volume":"41","author":"Savory","year":"1954","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1954.tb02047.x","article-title":"Damage to wood caused by microorganisms","volume":"17","author":"Savory","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.04.090166.001051","article-title":"Natural resistance of wood to microbial deterioration","volume":"4","author":"Scheffer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib413","first-page":"1","article-title":"The decay resistance of certain Central American and Ecuadorian woods","volume":"92","author":"Scheffer","year":"1947","journal-title":"Trop. Woods"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib414","first-page":"439","article-title":"Decay resistance of second-growth Douglas-fir","volume":"50","author":"Scheffer","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib415","series-title":"Decay resistance of black locust heartwood. USDA Tech. Bull. 984","author":"Scheffer","year":"1949"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib416","first-page":"129","article-title":"Decay resistance of seven native oaks","volume":"78","author":"Scheffer","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2307\/2995893","article-title":"Decline of red spruce in the Adirondacks, New York","volume":"111","author":"Scott","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull. Torrey Bot. Club"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib418","unstructured":"V.E. Scott G.L. Crouch J.A. Whelan 1982 Responses of birds and small mammals to clearcutting in a subalpine forest in central Colorado. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-422. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib419","unstructured":"Secretary of War (1875). Report of the Chief of Engineers. In \u201cHouse Executive Documents: 1st Session 44th Congress, 1875\u20131876,\u201d Vol. 2, Pt. 2. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib420","unstructured":"Secretary of War (1881). Letter from the Secretary of War. Letter from Chief of Engineers. In \u201cSenate Executive Documents: 3rd Session 46th Congress,\u201d Vol. 3, Doc. No. 39, Ser. No. 1943. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib421","unstructured":"Secretary of War (1915). Index to the reports of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, 1866\u20131912. In \u201cHouse Documents: 2nd Session 63rd Congress, 1913\u20131914,\u201d Vol. 20, Pt. 2. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib422","unstructured":"J.R. Sedell F.H. Everest F.J. Swanson 1982 Fish habitat and streamside management: Past and present. \u201cProceedings of the Society of American Foresters Annual Meeting, September 27\u201330, 1981,\u201d pp. 244\u2013255. Soc. Am. For., Bethesda, Maryland."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib423","first-page":"1828","article-title":"Importance of streamside forests to large rivers: The isolation of the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A., from its floodplain by snagging and streamside forest removal","volume":"22","author":"Sedell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib424","series-title":"Proceedings of a Symposium on Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information, October 28\u201330, 1981, Portland, Oregon","first-page":"210","article-title":"Using the historical record as an aid to salmonid habitat enhancement","author":"Sedell","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib425","unstructured":"J.R. Sedell F.J. Swanson 1982 Fish habitat and streamside management: Past and present. \u201cProceedings of the Society of American Foresters Annual Meeting,\u201d pp. 244\u2013255. Soc. Am. For., Bethesda, Maryland."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib426","series-title":"Proceedings of a Symposium on Fish and Wildlife Relationships in Old-Growth Forests, April 12\u201315, 1982, Juneau, Alaska","first-page":"33","article-title":"Habitats and salmonid distribution in pristine sediment-rich river valley systems: S. Fork Hoh and Queets River, Olympic National Park","author":"Sedell","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib427","series-title":"Effects of decaying bark on incubating salmon eggs","author":"Servizi","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01946353","article-title":"Nitrogen fixation in deteriorating wood","volume":"29","author":"Sharp","year":"1973","journal-title":"Experi-entia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib429","unstructured":"G.W. Sharpe 1956 A taxonomical-ecological study of vegetation by habitats in eight forest types of the Olympic Rain Forest, Olympic National Park, Washington. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib430","first-page":"62","article-title":"Ecological succession of breeding bird populations in northwestern Arkansas","volume":"90","author":"Shugart","year":"1973","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib431","unstructured":"H.H. Shugart T.M. Smith J.T. Kitchings R.L. Kroodsma (1978). The relationship of non-game birds to southern forest types and successional stages. In \u201cManagement of Southern Forests for Nongame Birds,\u201d Workshop Proc, Atlanta, Georgia, Jan. 24\u201326, 1978. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-14. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Asheville, North Carolina."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2307\/2996256","article-title":"Decline of red spruce in the Green Mountains of Vermont","volume":"109","author":"Siccama","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Torrey Bot. Club"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00006073","article-title":"A comparison of streams in logged and unlogged areas of Great Smoky Mountains National Park","volume":"102","author":"Silsbee","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1139\/x82-098","article-title":"Nitrogen fixation and acetylene reduction in decaying conifer boles: Effects of incubation time, aeration, and moisture content","volume":"12","author":"Silvester","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib435","series-title":"Soquel Creek storm damage recovery plan. USDA Soil Conserv. Serv","author":"Singer","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib436","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02860844","article-title":"Plant decomposition and soil respiration in terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib437","series-title":"Water in Wood","author":"Skaar","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib438","unstructured":"J.H. G. Smith 1955 Some factors affecting reproduction of Engelmann spruce and alpine fir. Tech. Rep. T. 43, Dep. Lands and For., British Columbia For. Serv., Victoria."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc36046-1","article-title":"Growth and survival of Engelmann spruce and alpine fir on seeds spots at Bolean Lake, British Columbia 1954\u201358","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"1960","journal-title":"For. Chronol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib440","first-page":"218","article-title":"Free mono- and oligosaccharides of some California conifers","volume":"43","author":"Smith","year":"1960","journal-title":"Tappi"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib441","unstructured":"R.D. Smith (1985). Sediment routing in a small watershed in the blast zone at Mount St. Helens, Washington. M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib442","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/62.2.335","article-title":"Feeding responses to sound wood by the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes","volume":"62","author":"Smythe","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2307\/1364744","article-title":"Bird communities in the coniferous forest biome","volume":"52","author":"Snyder","year":"1950","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1139\/x82-003","article-title":"Input and decay of coarse woody debris in coniferous stands in western Oregon and Washington","volume":"12","author":"Sollins","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib445","unstructured":"P. Sollins D.E. Reichle J.S. Olson 1973 Organic matter budget and model for a southern Appalachian Liriodendron forest. USAEC Rep. EDFB-1BP-73\u20132. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tennessee."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib446","unstructured":"P. Sollins A.T. Brown G. Swartzman CONIFER: A model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest (revised documentation). Conif. For. Biome Bull. 15 1979 Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2307\/2937252","article-title":"The internal element cycles of an old-growth Douglas-fir ecosystem in western Oregon","volume":"50","author":"Sollins","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02374731","article-title":"Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Douglas-fir residue decayed by Fomitopsis pinicola","volume":"68","author":"Spano","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib449","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Analysis of the process of retention of organic matter in stream ecosystems","volume":"22","author":"Speaker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2307\/2258815","article-title":"Dynamic structure of wave-generated Abies balsamea forests in the Northeast United States","volume":"64","author":"Sprugel","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib451","first-page":"191","article-title":"Growth rate and specific gravity in conifers","volume":"52","author":"Spurr","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib452","series-title":"Bark Beetles in North American Conifers","first-page":"21","article-title":"Generalized ecology and life cycle of bark beetles","author":"Stark","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib453","first-page":"595","article-title":"Fire resistance in the forest","volume":"33","author":"Starker","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.J. Steedman 1983 Life history and feeding role of the xylophagous aquatic beetle, Lara avara LeConte (Dryopoidea: Elmidae). M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis.","DOI":"10.1080\/01650428309361118"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib455","unstructured":"E.P. Stephens 1955 The historical-developmental method of determining forest trends. Ph.D. thesis, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massachusetts."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1956.03615995002000010029x","article-title":"The uprooting of trees: A forest process","volume":"20","author":"Stephens","year":"1956","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/1932278","article-title":"Breeding bird populations in the spruce region of the central Appalachians","volume":"30","author":"Stewart","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2307\/1366781","article-title":"Bird community structure in alder forests in Washington","volume":"82","author":"Stiles","year":"1980","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib459","first-page":"77","article-title":"Windthrow influences on spatial heterogeneity in a forest soil","volume":"51","author":"Stone","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bibliogr. Agric. Mitt. Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswes."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2307\/1943532","article-title":"Some rodent populations in the Sierra Nevada of California","volume":"14","author":"Storer","year":"1944","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib461","series-title":"Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines of Great Smoky Mountains National Park","author":"Stupka","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02603069","article-title":"Breakdown of Douglas-fir phloem by a lignocellulose-degrading","volume":"2","author":"Sutherland","year":"1979","journal-title":"Streptomyces. Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib463","unstructured":"F.J. Swanson G.W. Lienkaemper 1978 Physical consequences of large organic debris in Pacific Northwest streams. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-69. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib464","series-title":"Ecological Research in National Parks of the Pacific Northwest","first-page":"30","article-title":"Interactions among fluvial processes, forest vegetation, and aquatic ecosystems, South Fork Hoh River, Olympic National Park","author":"Swanson","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib465","unstructured":"F.J. Swanson G.W. Lienkaemper J.R. Sedell 1976 History, physical effects, and management implications of large organic debris in western Oregon streams. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-56. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib466","series-title":"Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States","first-page":"233","article-title":"Material transfer in a western Oregon forested watershed","author":"Swanson","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib467","series-title":"Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States","first-page":"267","article-title":"Land-water interactions: The riparian zone","author":"Swanson","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.J. Swanson R.J. Janda T. Dunne D.N. Swanston 1982c Sediment budgets and routing in forested drainage basins. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-141. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon.","DOI":"10.2737\/PNW-GTR-141"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib469","unstructured":"F.J. Swanson B. Collins T. Dunne B.P. Wicherski 1983 Erosion of tephrafrom hillslopes near Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes. \u201cProceedings of the Symposium on Erosion Control in Volcanic Areas, July 6\u20139, 1982, Seattle and Vancouver, Washington,\u201d pp. 361\u2013371. Sabo (Erosion Control) Div., Erosion Control Dep., Tsukuba Science City, Japan."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.J. Swanson M.S. Bryant G.W. Lienkaemper J.R. Sedell 1984 Organic debris in small streams, Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-166. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon.","DOI":"10.2737\/PNW-GTR-166"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(73)90080-1","article-title":"The estimation of mycelial biomass by determination of the hexoamine content of wood tissue decayed by fungi","volume":"5","author":"Swift","year":"1973","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib472","first-page":"175","article-title":"The ecology of wood decomposition","volume":"64","author":"Swift","year":"1977","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib473","unstructured":"M.J. Swift The roles of fungi and animals in the immobilization and release of nutrient elements from decomposing branch-wood \u201cSoil Organisms as Components of Ecosystems\u201d V. Lohm T. Persson, Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 25 1977b 193 202"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582892","article-title":"The decomposition of branch-wood in the canopy and floor of a mixed deciduous woodland","volume":"26","author":"Swift","year":"1976","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib475","series-title":"Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems","author":"Swift","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szaro, R. C, and R.P. Balda (1979). Effects of harvesting ponderosa pine on nongame bird populations. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-212. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.98680"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02872605","article-title":"The effects of gaseous environments on the growth and metabolism of fungi","volume":"34","author":"Tabak","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib478","first-page":"247","article-title":"Diffusion through air-filled capillaries of softwoods. Part I. Carbon dioxide","volume":"10","author":"Tarkow","year":"1960","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1936)66[177:EEOTVO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Experimental evidence on the value of trout stream improvement in Michigan","volume":"66","author":"Tarzwell","year":"1936","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2307\/1932589","article-title":"Available nitrogen as a factor influencing the occurrences of Sitka spruce and western hemlock seedlings in the forests of southeastern Alaska","volume":"16","author":"Taylor","year":"1935","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib481","first-page":"53","article-title":"Diptera larvae associated with trees in North America","volume":"100","author":"Teskey","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib482","unstructured":"J.W. Thomas, tech. ed. (1979). Wildlife habitats in managed forests, the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 553. Washington Off., Washington, D.C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib483","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2307\/2424969","article-title":"Treefalls and colonization patterns of temperate forest herbs","volume":"104","author":"Thompson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib484","unstructured":"D.A. Thornburgh 1969 Dynamics of the true fir-hemlock forests of the west slope of the Washington Cascade Range. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent1141133-12","article-title":"The influence of carpenter ant (Camponotus modoc) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) attendance on the development and survival of aphids (Cinara spp.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in a giant sequoia forest","volume":"114","author":"Tilles","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib486","first-page":"568","article-title":"Carbohydrate composition often Northern American species of wood","volume":"40","author":"Timell","year":"1957","journal-title":"Tappi"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00592255","article-title":"Recent progress in the chemistry of wood hemicelluloses","volume":"1","author":"Timell","year":"1967","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib488","unstructured":"D.A. A. Toews M.K. Moore 1982 The effects of streamside logging on large organic debris in Carnation Creek. Land Manage. Rep. 11, Prov. British Columbia, Minist. For., Vancouver."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246A","DOI":"10.1021\/es00112a716","article-title":"Air pollutants and forest decline","volume":"17","author":"Tomlinson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib490","first-page":"36","article-title":"Effect of decay on crushing strength","volume":"19","author":"Toole","year":"1969","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-61-124","article-title":"Interaction of mold and decay fungi on wood in laboratory tests","volume":"61","author":"Toole","year":"1971","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib492","first-page":"180","article-title":"Logging the unloggable: Timber transport in early modern Japan","volume":"27","author":"Totman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. For. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent1865-4","article-title":"Coleoptera found in dead trunks of Tilia americana L. in October","volume":"18","author":"Townsend","year":"1886","journal-title":"Can. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib494","first-page":"1876","article-title":"Role of wood debris in modifying channel geomorphology and riparian areas of a large lowland river under pristine conditions: A historical case study","volume":"22","author":"Triska","year":"1984","journal-title":"Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib495","series-title":"Forests: Fresh Perspectives from Ecosystem Analysis. Proceedings 40th Biology Colloquium (1979)","first-page":"171","article-title":"The role of wood debris in forests and streams","author":"Triska","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib496","series-title":"Analysis of Coniferous Forest Ecosystems in the Western United States","first-page":"292","article-title":"Coniferous forest streams","author":"Triska","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib497","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2307\/1942458","article-title":"Nitrogen budget for a small coniferous forest stream","volume":"54","author":"Triska","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib498","unstructured":"L.M. Tritton (1980). Dead wood in the northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale Univ., New Haven, Connecticut."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib499","unstructured":"L.M. Tritton J.W. Hornbeck (1982). Biomass equations for major tree species of the Northeast. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-69. Northeast. For. Exp. Stn., Broomall, Pennsylvania."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.74-36","article-title":"Utilization of nest boxes by rodents","volume":"19","author":"Truszkowski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1139\/f83-064","article-title":"Winter distribution of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after logging in Carnation Creek, British Columbia, and some implications for overwinter survival","volume":"40","author":"Tschaplinski","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.21.060170.001513","article-title":"The leaching of substances from plants","volume":"21","author":"Tukey","year":"1970","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1139\/z82-419","article-title":"Mycophagy of red-backed voles in Oregon and Washington","volume":"60","author":"Ure","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib504","unstructured":"U.S. Forest Service. (1965a). 1965 status report: Southern wood density survey. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-26. For. Prod. Lab., Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib505","unstructured":"U.S. Forest Service. (1965b). Western wood density survey: Report number 1. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-27. For. Prod. Lab., Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib506","unstructured":"U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. (1967). Comparative decay resistance of heartwood of native species. USDA For. Prod. Lab. Res. Note FPL-0153, Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib507","unstructured":"U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. (1976). Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material. USDA Agric. Handb. 72, Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib508","first-page":"20","article-title":"The line intersect method in forest fuel sampling","volume":"14","author":"Van Wagner","year":"1968","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib509","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1139\/x73-055","article-title":"Height of crown scorch in forest fires","volume":"3","author":"Van Wagner","year":"1973","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2307\/2405797","article-title":"Adaptation in hole-nesting birds","volume":"11","author":"Van Haartman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib511","first-page":"38","article-title":"Effects of the 1956 hurricane on forests in Puerto Rico","volume":"20","author":"Wadsworth","year":"1959","journal-title":"Carrib. For."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib512","unstructured":"H.E. Wahlgren D.L. Fassnacht 1959 Estimating tree specific gravity from a single increment core. USDA For. Serv. Rep. 2146. For. Prod. Lab., Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib513","unstructured":"H.E. Wahlgren G. Bakar R.R. Maeglin A.C. Hart (1968). Survey of specific gravity of eight Maine conifers. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-95. For. Prod. Lab., Madison, Wisconsin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib514","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1139\/f84-203","article-title":"Quantification of wood habitat in subtropical coastal plain streams","volume":"41","author":"Wallace","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib515","series-title":"The Distribution and Diversity of Soil Fauna","author":"Wallwork","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib516","series-title":"Ecological Research in National Parks of the Pacific Northwest","first-page":"9","article-title":"Habitat and food resources for invertebrate communities in South Fork Hoh River, Olympic National Park","author":"Ward","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib517","first-page":"267","article-title":"A line intersect technique for measuring logging waste","volume":"10","author":"Warren","year":"1964","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib518","series-title":"Decomposer Basidiomycetes: Their Biology and Ecology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taxonomic status and ecological identity in the basidiomycetes","author":"Watling","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib519","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.05.010160.001101","article-title":"Evolution and biology of the termites","volume":"5","author":"Weesner","year":"1960","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib520","first-page":"477","article-title":"Termites of the nearctic region","volume":"1","author":"Weesner","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib521","series-title":"Logging dams on coastal Washington streams","first-page":"27","author":"Wendler","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib522","series-title":"The Chemical Technology of Wood","author":"Wenzl","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib523","series-title":"Reproduction on pulpwood lands in the Northeast. USDA Agric. Tech. Bull. 223","author":"Westveld","year":"1931"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2307\/1931871","article-title":"Mammalian succession on midwestern floodplains","volume":"39","author":"Wetzel","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib525","series-title":"Aquatic Insects and Oligochaetes of North and South Carolina","first-page":"10.99","article-title":"Elmidae","author":"White","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02860857","article-title":"Pattern, process and natural disturbance in vegetation","volume":"45","author":"White","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib527","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2307\/1936481","article-title":"The Hubbard Brook ecosystem study: Forest nutrient cycling and element behavior","volume":"60","author":"Whittaker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib528","unstructured":"B.E. Wickman 1978 Tree mortality and top-kill related to defoliation by the Douglas-fir tussock moth in the Blue Mountains outbreak. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-233. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.2307\/1940104","article-title":"A critique of the analytical methods used in examining decomposition data","volume":"63","author":"Wieder","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2307\/1935490","article-title":"Model estimation of energy flow in northwestern coniferous forest bird communities","volume":"56","author":"Wiens","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib531","series-title":"Larvae of North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera)","author":"Wiggins","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib532","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.2307\/1938234","article-title":"Some relationships between systematics and trophic ecology in nearctic aquatic insects, with special reference to Trichoptera","volume":"59","author":"Wiggins","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib533","series-title":"Wood Deterioration and Its Prevention by Preservative Treatments","first-page":"107","article-title":"Degradation in relation to wood structure","author":"Wilcox","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib534","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2307\/1943219","article-title":"The composition and dynamics of a beech-maple climax community","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.1973.tb00918.x","article-title":"The fungal spora of a freshwater stream and its colonization pattern on wood","volume":"3","author":"Willoughby","year":"1973","journal-title":"Freshwater Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib536","volume":"1","year":"1952"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib537","series-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Trichoptera","first-page":"455","article-title":"Mortality factors affecting Trichoptera eggs and pupae in an Oregon Coast Range watershed","author":"Wisseman","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.2307\/1932992","article-title":"Rates of carbon dioxide evolution from the forest floor","volume":"47","author":"Witkamp","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib539","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.2307\/1933713","article-title":"Cycles of temperature and carbon dioxide evolution from litter and soil","volume":"50","author":"Witkamp","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib540","series-title":"The Role of Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms in Decomposition Processes","first-page":"145","article-title":"The role of termites (Isoptera) in decomposition processes","author":"Wood","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib541","series-title":"Production Ecology of Ants and Termites","first-page":"55","article-title":"Food and feeding habits of termites","author":"Wood","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib542","series-title":"Production Ecology of Ants and Termites","first-page":"245","article-title":"The role of termites in ecosystems","author":"Wood","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib543","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2307\/1934963","article-title":"Nutrient concentrations in plants in the Brookhaven oak-pine forest","volume":"56","author":"Woodwell","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib544","series-title":"Fire Ecology","author":"Wright","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.H. Wright G.H. Harvey 1967 The deterioration of beetle-killed Douglas-fir in western Oregon and Washington. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-50. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.87914"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib546","unstructured":"K.H. Wright P.G. Lauterbach 1958 A10-year study of mortality in a Douglas-fir sawtimber stand in Coos and Douglas Counties, Oregon. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. PNW-27. Pacific Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib547","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1139\/x82-113","article-title":"Loss of mass and nutrient changes of decaying woody roots in lodgepole pine forests, southeastern Wyoming","volume":"12","author":"Yavitt","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib548","first-page":"107","article-title":"Self thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivated and natural conditions","volume":"14","author":"Yoda","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Biol. Osaka Cy Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib549","first-page":"132","article-title":"Studies on the rate of decay of wood litter on the forest floor. Part 2: Dry weight loss and carbon dioxide evolution of decaying wood","volume":"25","author":"Yoneda","year":"1975","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib550","first-page":"53","article-title":"Accumulation and decomposition of big wood litter in Pasoh Forest, West Malaysia","volume":"27","author":"Yoneda","year":"1977","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib551","first-page":"190","article-title":"Chemical elements in complete mature trees of seven species in Maine","volume":"49","author":"Young","year":"1966","journal-title":"Tappi"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib552","first-page":"101","article-title":"Fate of lignin and related aromatic substrates in anaerobic environments","volume":"1","author":"Zeikus","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60121-X_bib553","unstructured":"Zimmerman, R.C, Goodlett, J.C, G.H. Comer 1967 The influence of vegetation on channel form of small streams. \u201cSymposium on River Morphology.\u201d Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Publ. 75, pp. 255\u2013275. Bern, West Germany."}],"container-title":["Advances in Ecological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T23:17:22Z","timestamp":1738192642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S006525040860121X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986]]},"ISBN":["9780120139156"],"references-count":556,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0065-2504(08)60121-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-2504"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-2504","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986]]}}}