{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T09:44:51Z","timestamp":1782294291499,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Structural Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-4730(00)00018-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T10:45:40Z","timestamp":1027593940000},"page":"313-333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":768,"title":["Structural reliability of concrete bridges including improved chloride-induced corrosion models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kim Anh T.","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunker KR, Rabbat BG. Why America's bridges are crumbling. Scientific American 1993;March:66\u201372.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0393-66"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB2","unstructured":"Hooks JM, Romack G. The tools of bridge management. In: Structural Engineering World Congress, San Francisco. Paper ref. T142-1. Elsevier Science (CDROM)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB3","series-title":"Management of highway structures","first-page":"49","article-title":"Development of a comprehensive structures management methodology for the highways agency","author":"Das","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(97)00021-0","article-title":"Time-dependent reliability of deteriorating reinforced concrete bridge decks","volume":"20","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Structural Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1076-0342(1998)4:4(146)","article-title":"Structural safety and serviceability of concrete bridges subject to corrosion","volume":"4","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB6","first-page":"42","article-title":"Predicting service life of chloride-exposed steel-reinforced concrete","volume":"18","author":"Bentz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Concrete International"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB7","series-title":"Model code","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB8","series-title":"Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete construction","first-page":"88","article-title":"Time to cracking for chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete","author":"Liu","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB9","series-title":"Management of highway structures","first-page":"241","article-title":"Ongoing issues in time-dependent reliability of deteriorating concrete bridges","author":"Stewart","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB10","series-title":"Corrosion of steel in concrete","author":"Tuutti","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB11","unstructured":"HETEK. A system for estimation of chloride ingress into concrete: theoretical background. Report no. 83, The Danish Road Directory, 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB12","unstructured":"Middleton CR, Hogg V. Review of deterioration models used to predict corrosion in reinforced concrete structures (CUED\/D\u00a0\u2014 STRUCT\/TR.173). Cambridge University, 1998."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB13","series-title":"Structural Safety and Reliability: Proceedings of ICOSSAR'93","first-page":"957","article-title":"Predicting critical chloride levels in concrete bridge decks","author":"Hoffman","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02473172","article-title":"Chloride attack of reinforced concrete","volume":"28","author":"Neville","year":"1995","journal-title":"Materials and Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB15","unstructured":"Berke NS, Hicks MC. In: Charker V, editor. The life cycle of reinforced concrete decks and marine piles using laboratory diffusion and corrosion data, corrosion forms and control for infrastructures (ASTM STP 1137). Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1992. p. 207\u201331."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB16","series-title":"Durability of concrete (ACI SP-126)","first-page":"459","article-title":"Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete exposed to sea air","author":"Ohta","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB17","series-title":"Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete","first-page":"258","article-title":"Formulation of an equation for surface chloride content of concrete due to permeation of chloride","author":"Uji","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB18","series-title":"Concrete in marine environment (ACI SP-109)","first-page":"381","article-title":"Quality and cover thickness of concrete based on the estimation of chloride penetration in the marine environments","author":"Takewaka","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB19","unstructured":"Bamforth PB, Price WF. An international review of chloride ingress into structural concrete. Report no. 1303\/96\/9092. Taywood Engineering Ltd Technology Division, 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB20","unstructured":"McGee R. Modelling of durability performance of tasmanian bridges. In: Melchers RE, Stewart MG, editors. ICASP8 applications of statistics and probability in civil engineering, vol. 1, 1999. p. 297\u2013306."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB21","unstructured":"HETEK. Chloride penetration into concrete\u00a0\u2014 state of the art. Report no. 53. The Danish Road Directory, 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB22","unstructured":"Cabrera JG, Dodd TAH, Nwaubani SO. The effect of curing temperarure on the chloride ions diffusion of super plasticised cement and fly ash cement pastes. In: Maclnnis C, editor. Durable concrete in hot climates (SP-139). ACI, 1993. p. 61\u201376."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB23","series-title":"Minimum requirements for durable concrete: carbonation- and chloride-induced corrosion, freeze-thaw attack and chemical attack","author":"Hobbs","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin SH. Chloride diffusion in a porous concrete slab. Corrosion 1990;46(12):964\u20137.","DOI":"10.5006\/1.3585052"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB25","series-title":"Concrete repair, rehabilitation and protection","first-page":"165","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of chloride effect on concrete durability and protection measures","author":"Papadakis","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB26","series-title":"Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete","first-page":"381","article-title":"Reliability analysis of durability\/deterioration indices of reinforced concrete in a marine environment","author":"Suzuki","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.1998.50.1.5","article-title":"A study of the application of reliability theory to the design of concrete cover","volume":"50","author":"Matsushima","year":"1998","journal-title":"Magazine of Concrete Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(96)00139-1","article-title":"The prediction of corrosion rates of reinforcing steels in concrete","volume":"26","author":"Yalsyn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB29","series-title":"Modern prestressed concrete","author":"Libby","year":"1990"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB30","first-page":"437","article-title":"The corrosion resistance of steels, zinc, copper, aluminium, and alloys in the humid tropics of Vietnam. The results of five-year tests","volume":"30","author":"Hui","year":"1994","journal-title":"Protection of Metals"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB31","unstructured":"Yokozeki K, Motohashi K, Okada K, Tsutsumi T. A rational model to predict the service life of RC structures in a marine environment. In: Fourth CANMET\/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete (SP 170-40), 1997. p. 778\u201399."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00259-2","article-title":"Modeling the dynamic corrosion process in chloride contaminated concrete structures","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB33","first-page":"151","article-title":"Advanced bridge management systems","volume":"7","author":"Thoft-Christensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Structural Engineering Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:3(286)","article-title":"Reliability of reinforced concrete girders under corrosion attack","volume":"123","author":"Frangopol","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0296(97)00197-1","article-title":"Effect of reinforcement corrosion on reliability of highway bridges","volume":"20","author":"Val","year":"1998","journal-title":"Engineering Structures"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-0618(97)00043-3","article-title":"Load carrying capacity of concrete structures with corroded reinforcement","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Construction and Building Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-5493(97)00042-3","article-title":"Reliability-based service life assessment of concrete structures in nuclear power plants","volume":"175","author":"Ellingwood","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nuclear Engineering. and Design"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:7(776)","article-title":"Role of load history in reliability-based decision analysis of ageing bridges","volume":"125","author":"Stewart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB39","unstructured":"Kameda H, Koike T. Reliability analysis of deteriorating structures. In: Reliability approach in structural engineering. Tokyo: Maruzen Co., 1975. p. 61\u20136."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:5(1600)","article-title":"Reliability-based service-life assessment of aging concrete structures","volume":"119","author":"Mori","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4730(93)90048-6","article-title":"Live load models for highway bridges","volume":"13","author":"Nowak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Structural Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB42","series-title":"AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB43","series-title":"Building code requirements for structural concrete","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB44","unstructured":"ACI 209. Prediction of creep, shrinkage and temperature effects: 2. ACI Committee 209, 1978."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4730(95)00005-O","article-title":"Reliability analysis for highway bridge deck assessment","volume":"17","author":"Micic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Structural Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB46","series-title":"Managing the highways network","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB47","unstructured":"Brown JH. The performance of concrete in practice: a field study of highway bridges. TRRL Contractor Report no. 43, 1987."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-4730(00)00018-7_BIB48","series-title":"Proceedings of ICOSSAR'97\u00a0\u2014 Seventh International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability, vol. 1","first-page":"403","article-title":"The role of latin hypercube sampling method in reliability engineering","author":"Novak","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Structural Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167473000000187?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167473000000187?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T21:20:46Z","timestamp":1556400046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167473000000187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0167473000000187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0167-4730(00)00018-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4730","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}