{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:52:19Z","timestamp":1770889939692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":326,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-8553(05)70119-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,27]],"date-time":"2005-05-27T15:37:19Z","timestamp":1117208239000},"page":"337-385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["ESOPHAGEAL VARICES"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Velimir A.","family":"Luketic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun J.","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80585-9","article-title":"A prospective randomized study to evaluate propanolol in patients undergoing long-term sclerotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Acharya","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536376","article-title":"Frequent endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy increases risk of complications: Prospective randomized controlled study of two treatment schedules","volume":"34","author":"Akriviadis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90429-G","article-title":"Octreotide ameliorates vasodilation and Na retention in portal hypertensive rats","volume":"104","author":"Albillos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(90)91337-V","article-title":"Is sclerotherapy the first-choice treatment of oesophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients? Final report of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Alexandrino","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(88)80480-X","article-title":"Propanolol or endoscopic sclerotherapy in the prevention of recurrence of variceal hemorrhage","volume":"7","author":"Alexandrino","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(98)70269-X","article-title":"Technology Assessment Status Evaluation\u2014update: Endoscopic band ligation. November, 1996. ASGE","volume":"47","author":"American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib7","first-page":"A215","article-title":"Efficacite comparee du propranolol et de sclerose endoscopique de varices oesophagienned dans la prevention des recidives d'hemorragies digestives au cours des cirrhosis. Etude controlee","volume":"15","author":"Andreani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120624","article-title":"Preventive therapy of first gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: Results of a controlled trial comparing propanolol, endoscopic sclerotherapy and placebo","volume":"12","author":"Andreani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9352866","article-title":"Effects of isisorbide 5 mononitrate compared to propanolol on first bleeding and long-term survival in cirrhosis","volume":"113","author":"Angelico","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90356-H","article-title":"Isosorbide-5-mononitrate versus propanolol in the prevention of the first bleeding in cirrhosis","volume":"104","author":"Angelico","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90010-M","article-title":"Long-term hemodynamic effects of a 4 week regimen of nipradilol, a new \u03b2 blocker with nitrovasodilating properties, in patients with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, a comparative study with propanolol","volume":"15","author":"Aramaki","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409104188","article-title":"Balloon tamponade technique and efficacy in variceal haemorrhage","volume":"207","author":"Avgerinos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib13","first-page":"145","article-title":"Somatostatin and octreotide in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"42","author":"Avgerinos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90867-B","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial comparing somatostatin, balloon tamponade and the combination of both methods in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Avgerinos","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80586-0","article-title":"Propanolol in the prevention of recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis undergoing endoscopic sclerotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Avgerinos","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800690206","article-title":"Tamponade and injection sclerotherapy in the management of bleeding oesophageal varices","volume":"69","author":"Barsoum","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80012-8","article-title":"Hyperdynamic circulation in patients with cirrhosis: Direct measurement of nitric oxide levels in hepatic and portal veins","volume":"26","author":"Battista","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409104189","article-title":"Somatostatin: An alternative to sclerotherapy?","volume":"207","author":"Baxter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529108996245","article-title":"Long-term effects of oral propanolol on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices","volume":"26","author":"Bendtsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90807-N","article-title":"Propanolol and hemodynamic responses in cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Bendtsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90191-Z","article-title":"Effect on hemodynamics of a liquid meal alone and in combination with propanolol in cirrhosis","volume":"102","author":"Bendtsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040611","article-title":"Splanchnic hemodynamics in chronic portal hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Benoit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib23","first-page":"417","article-title":"Intestinal microvascular alterations associated with chronic portal hypertension","volume":"45","author":"Benoit","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(81)73224-3","article-title":"Prediction of variceal hemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy","volume":"27","author":"Beppu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib25","first-page":"364","article-title":"Nadolol for prevention of variceal rebleeding during the course of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: A randomized pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Bertoni","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508313330904","article-title":"Sclerotherapy with or without octreotide for acute variceal bleeding","volume":"333","author":"Besson","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib27","first-page":"950","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal ligation versus endoscopic variceal ligation and endoscopic sclerotherapy: A prospective randomized study (see comments)","volume":"92","author":"Bhargava","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(85)80770-4","article-title":"Reduction of the increased portal vascular resistance of the isolated perfused cirrhotic rat liver by vasodilators","volume":"1","author":"Bhathal","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1982.tb02240.x","article-title":"Changes in splanchnic blood flow in portal hypertensive rats","volume":"12","author":"Blanchet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060120","article-title":"Isosorbide dinitrate in experimental portal hypertension: A study of factors that modulate the hemodynamic response","volume":"16","author":"Blei","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib31","series-title":"The Physiology of the Intestinal Microcirculation","first-page":"377","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6593.288","article-title":"Somatostatin","volume":"295","author":"Bloom","year":"1987","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib33","series-title":"Portal Hypertension II Proceedings of the Second Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies","article-title":"Session IV, Baveno II Consensus statements: Imaging techniques and haemodynamic measurements in portal hypertension","author":"Bolondi","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200535","article-title":"The nitric oxide hypothesis and the hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Bomzon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060421","article-title":"Noninvasive measurement of the pressure of esophageal varices using an endoscopic gauge: Comparison with measurements with variceal puncture in patients undergoing endoscopic sclerotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Bosch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100612","article-title":"Association of transdermal nitroglycerin to vasopressin infusion in the treatment of variceal hemorrhage: A placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Bosch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90014-7","article-title":"Effects of somatostatin on hepatic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in normal subjects","volume":"80","author":"Bosch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040617","article-title":"Effects of propranolol on azygous venous blood flow and hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Bosch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80581-1","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography classification of gastric varices in patients with cirrhosis: Comparison of endoscopic findings","volume":"19","author":"Boustiere","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib40","first-page":"223","article-title":"Comparison of the short-term effects of mepindolol and propranolol on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"5","author":"Braillon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.10.1204","article-title":"Influence of the degree of liver failure on systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics and on response to propranolol in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Braillon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1985.57","article-title":"Effect of propranolol on hepatic blood flow in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"37","author":"Braillon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(89)90139-6","article-title":"Hyperkinetic circulatory syndrome in patients with presinusoidal portal hypertension: Effect of propranolol","volume":"9","author":"Braillon","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4068.77","article-title":"Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone","volume":"179","author":"Brazeau","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.3_Suppl.S23","article-title":"Octreotide in variceal bleeding","volume":"35","author":"Burroughs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1983.tb00858.x","article-title":"Randomized, controlled study of transhepatic obliteration of varices and oesophageal stapling transection in uncontrolled variceal haemorrhage","volume":"3","author":"Burroughs","year":"1983","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909283211303","article-title":"A comparison of sclerotherapy with staple transection of the oesophagus for the emergency control of bleeding from esophageal varices","volume":"321","author":"Burroughs","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198312223092502","article-title":"Controlled trial of propranolol for the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"309","author":"Burroughs","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00181-3","article-title":"Prevention of variceal rebleeding","volume":"21","author":"Burroughs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91166-4","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of somatostatin for variceal bleeding","volume":"99","author":"Burroughs","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib51","first-page":"A1506","article-title":"Randomized trial of long-term sclerotherapy for variceal rebleeding using the same protocol to treat rebleeding in all patients: A final report [abstr]","volume":"30","author":"Burroughs","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib52","first-page":"148","article-title":"Pharmacological therapy for portal hypertension: Rationale and results","volume":"6","author":"Burroughs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Gastrointest Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.6.3.276","article-title":"The veins of the esophagus","volume":"6","author":"Butler","year":"1951","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib54","first-page":"504","article-title":"Factors associated with failure of propranolol for the prevention of first bleeding in cirrhotic patients","volume":"16","author":"Cales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(85)80066-0","article-title":"Superior portosystemic collateral circulation estimated by azygos blood flow in patients with cirrhosis: Lack of correlation with oesophageal varices and gastrointestinal bleeding: Effect of propranolol","volume":"1","author":"Cales","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(88)80092-8","article-title":"Incidence and rate of occurrence of large oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients: Application to screening for prophylaxis of first haemorrhage","volume":"7","author":"Cales","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.11.1298","article-title":"Incidence of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: Application to prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding","volume":"31","author":"Cales","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010496","article-title":"Value of endoscopic ultrasonography in the management of portal hypertension.","volume":"24","author":"Caletti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80242-X","article-title":"Serum and urinary nitrate levels in liver cirrhosis: Endotoxemia, renal function and hyperdynamic circulation","volume":"25","author":"Campillo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528809090148","article-title":"Relationship among beta-adrenergic blockade, propranolol concentration and liver function in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"23","author":"Caujolle","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib61","first-page":"333","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus esophageal transection in Child's class C patients with variceal hemorrhage","volume":"91","author":"Cello","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198701013160103","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus portacaval shunt in patients with severe cirrhosis and acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"316","author":"Cello","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib63","first-page":"18A","article-title":"Propranolol et prevention des recidives des ruptures de varice oesophagienne du cirrhotique","volume":"10","author":"Cerbelaud","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/030006058901700610","article-title":"Effect of per oral administration of isosorbide dinitrate on portal pressure and blood flow in patients with cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"17","author":"Cervinka","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(81)80123-0","article-title":"Aspects of the natural history of gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis and the effect of prednisolone","volume":"81","author":"Christensen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb01005.x","article-title":"Duplex-Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension and in the analysis of their response to drugs","volume":"7","author":"Cioni","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib67","first-page":"851","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of variceal hemorrhage in alcoholic cirrhotic patients","volume":"12","author":"Colman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150224","article-title":"Temporal relationship of peripheral vasodilation, plasma volume expansion and the hyperdynamic circulatory state in portal hypertensive rats","volume":"15","author":"Colombato","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090315","article-title":"Beta blockade prevents recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in well-compensated patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Colombo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130517","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of the first hemorrhage from esophagogastric varices: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Conn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib71","first-page":"723","article-title":"[Theoretical and physiopharmacological bases of the somatostatin treatment in digestive diseases]","volume":"47","author":"Consolo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Minerva Chir"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib72","unstructured":"Meta-analysis as a tool for interpreting clinical trials in liver disease: Proceedings of a workshop in Erice, Italy. 1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib73","first-page":"520","article-title":"The natural history of esophageal varices in patients with alcoholic liver disease: An endoscopic and clinical study","volume":"57","author":"Dagradi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220145","article-title":"The treatment of portal hypertension: A meta-analytic review","volume":"22","author":"D'Amico","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160116","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial comparing repeated endoscopic sclerotherapy to propranolol in decompensated (Child B and C) cirrhotic patients","volume":"16","author":"Dasarathy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.01800.x","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleed: Preliminary report of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"De","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6s","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1018418","article-title":"Prognostic factors in upper G.I. bleeding","volume":"18","author":"DeDombal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib78","first-page":"359","article-title":"Effect du sotaolol sur la pression sus-hepatique bloquee de malades cirrhotiques","volume":"23","author":"Deflandre","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191505","article-title":"Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices","volume":"319","author":"DeFranchis","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409104191","article-title":"Treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices: A meta-analysis","volume":"207","author":"DeFranchis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90044-P","article-title":"Definitions, methodology and therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension: A consensus development workshop","volume":"15","author":"DeFranchis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00179-5","article-title":"Why do varices bleed?","volume":"21","author":"DeFranchis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(99)70036-2","article-title":"Variceal ligation compared with endoscopic sclerotherapy for variceal hemorrhage: Prospective randomized trial","volume":"49","author":"de la Pena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(97)70235-9","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of the endoscopic spectrum of overtube-related esophageal mucosal injury","volume":"45","author":"Dennert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib85","first-page":"234","article-title":"Sclerotherapy endoscopique contre propranolol apres hemoragie par rupture de varices oesophagiennes chez le cirrhotique: resultants a 4 ans d'une etude randomisee","volume":"12","author":"Dollet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1987.tb04029.x","article-title":"Lipophilicity, hydrophilicity, and the central nervous system side effects of beta blockers","volume":"7","author":"Drayer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib87","series-title":"Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. In: Digestive Diseases in the United States: Epidemiology and Impact","first-page":"613","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(88)71363-2","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus medical treatment for bleeding esophageal varices in patients with schistosomal liver disease","volume":"34","author":"El-Zayadi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib89","first-page":"237","article-title":"Beta-blockers and the kidney","volume":"8","author":"Epstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1984.tb00639.x","article-title":"Influence of somatostatin on splanchnic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Eriksson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib91","first-page":"207A","article-title":"Desensitation of the effects of intravenous octreotide in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension [abstr]","volume":"24","author":"Escorsell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80259-6","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of sclerotherapy versus somatostatin infusion in the prevention of early rebleeding following acute variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Variceal Bleeding Study Group","volume":"29","author":"Escorsell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib93","series-title":"Portal Hypertension II: Proceedings of the Second Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies","first-page":"68","article-title":"Drug therapy for portal hypertension: A 5 year review","author":"Ferayorni","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070224","article-title":"Prevention of recurrent bleeding in cirrhotics with recent variceal hemorrhage: Prospective randomized comparison of propranolol and sclerotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Fleig","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110423","article-title":"A randomized trial of terlipressin plus nitroglycerin vs balloon tamponade in the control of acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Fort","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6495.561","article-title":"Effect of isosorbide dinitrate, verapamil and labetalol on portal pressure in cirrhosis","volume":"291","author":"Freeman","year":"1985","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198902000-00014","article-title":"Placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin (glypressin) in the management of acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Freeman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib98","first-page":"678","article-title":"Nadolol: A new beta-adrenoceptor antagonist","volume":"305","author":"Frishman","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140514","article-title":"Effect of propranolol on portasystemic collateral circulation in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Gaiani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib100","first-page":"140","article-title":"The role of vasoactive mediators in portal hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Garcia-Pagan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Gastrointest Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-10-869","article-title":"Propranolol compared with propranolol plus isosorbide 5-mononitrate for portal hypertension in cirrhosis: A randomized controlled study","volume":"114","author":"Garcia-Pagan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(90)90112-5","article-title":"Long-term hemodynamic effects of isosorbide 5-mononitrate in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Garcia-Pagan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060119","article-title":"Short-term effects of propranolol on portal hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070502","article-title":"Portal hemodynamics during nitroglycerin administration in cirrhotic subjects","volume":"7","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050313","article-title":"Portal pressures, presence of gastroesophageal varices and variceal bleeding","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91308-S","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients","volume":"98","author":"Garden","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000199483","article-title":"Nadolol for prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis: A controlled clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Gatta","year":"1987","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib108","first-page":"988","article-title":"Nadolol does not reduce early rebleeding in cirrhotics undergoing endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Gerunda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1986.tb00114.x","article-title":"The hypotensive effect of oral nitroglycerin on portal venous pressure in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension","volume":"1","author":"Gibson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92812-8","article-title":"Randomised trial of variceal banding ligation versus injection sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices (see comments)","volume":"342","author":"Gimson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060314","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"6","author":"Gimson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91446-B","article-title":"Effects of somatostatin on renal function in cirrhosis","volume":"103","author":"Gines","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90526-X","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of esophageal varices in primary biliary cirrhosis: Development, natural history and influence on survival","volume":"96","author":"Gores","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.135_1.x","article-title":"Endoscopic esophageal variceal band ligation: How intensively should we ligate? [edit; comment]","volume":"93","author":"Gostout","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6993.1495","article-title":"Somatostatin v placebo in bleeding oesophageal varices: Randomised trial and meta-analysis","volume":"310","author":"Gotzsche","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80864-5","article-title":"A hepatologists view of variceal bleeding","volume":"160","author":"Grace","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00182-5","article-title":"Prevention of initial variceal hemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"Grace","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib118","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension. American College of Gastroenterology Practice Parameters Committee","volume":"92","author":"Grace","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib119","first-page":"407","article-title":"Propranolol for prevention of first variceal hemorrhage (EVH): A lifetime commitment","volume":"12","author":"Grace","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080602","article-title":"Distal splenorenal vs portal-systemic shunts after hemorrhage from varices: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Grace","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90144-X","article-title":"The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage","volume":"80","author":"Graham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib122","unstructured":"Gregory PB, and the VA Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group: Sclerotherapy for male alcoholics with cirrhosis who have bled from esophageal varices: A randomized controlled trial [abstr]. World Congress of Gastroenterology Proceedings, Sidney, 1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91168-6","article-title":"Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage","volume":"99","author":"Groszmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(05)70251-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology of portal hypertension","volume":"1","author":"Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib125","first-page":"200","article-title":"Administration of l-arginine: The physiological precursor of NO reduces portal perfusion pressure and ameliorates hepatic hyperreactivity in experimental cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199200442-00005","article-title":"Somatostatin in acute bleeding oesophageal varices: Pharmacology and rationale for use","volume":"44","author":"Hanisch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib127","first-page":"222","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide in portal hypertensive systemic and portal vascular pathology","volume":"60","author":"Hartleb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib128","first-page":"823","article-title":"Propranolol in chronic liver disease: A controlled trial of its effect and safety over twelve months","volume":"246","author":"Hayes","year":"1987","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91668-Z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of value of propranolol in prevention of variceal hemorrhage","volume":"336","author":"Hayes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.6.752","article-title":"Effect and mechanism of action of isosorbide 5-mononitrate","volume":"29","author":"Hayes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib131","series-title":"Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: Demographic corrections, research findings and clinical applications","author":"Heaton","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0630029","article-title":"Effect of propranolol on hepatic blood flow in normal and portal hypertensive rats","volume":"63","author":"Hillon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib133","series-title":"The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","first-page":"221","article-title":"Adrenergic receptor antagonists","author":"Hoffman","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01582.x","article-title":"Oesophageal perforation following endoscopic variceal ligation and balloon tamponade","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib135","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic variceal injection sclerotherapy and ligation for the treatment of esophageal variceal hemorrhage: A prospective randomized trial","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib136","first-page":"55","article-title":"Hepatic lipocytes: A major target for endothelin-1","volume":"22","author":"Housset","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib137","first-page":"539","article-title":"Esophageal transection versus injection sclerotherapy in the management of bleeding esophageal varices in patients at high risk","volume":"160","author":"Huizinga","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80663-4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing octreotide and vasopressin in the control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"16","author":"Hwang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080103","article-title":"Nadolol can prevent the first gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics: A prospective randomized study","volume":"8","author":"Ideo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib140","first-page":"352A","article-title":"Double blind RCT of 5 day octreotide versus placebo associated with sclerotherapy for trial\/failures [abstr]","volume":"24","author":"International Octroetide Varices Study Group","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199108000-00012","article-title":"Effect of intraportal nitroglycerin on portosystemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis: Comparison with i.v.route","volume":"13","author":"Iwao","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130118","article-title":"Hemodynamic study during transdermal application of nitroglycerin tape in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Iwao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib143","first-page":"G149","article-title":"Role of EDRF in splanchnic blood flow of normal and chronic portal hypertensive rats","volume":"163","author":"Iwata","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90917-Z","article-title":"Somatostatin versus Sengstaken balloon tamponade for primary haemostasia of bleeding esophageal varices: A randomized pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Jaramillo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6464.275","article-title":"A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial comparing somatostatin and vasopressin in controlling acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"290","author":"Jenkins","year":"1985","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800721225","article-title":"Effects of a somatostatin analogue SMS 201\u2013995 on hepatic hemodynamics in the pig and on intravariceal pressure in man","volume":"72","author":"Jenkins","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib147","first-page":"48","article-title":"The effect of somatostatin and SMS-201\u2013995 on hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Jenkins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.4.526","article-title":"A multicentre randomised trial comparing octreotide and injection sclerotherapy in the management and outcome of acute variceal haemorrhage","volume":"41","author":"Jenkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib149","first-page":"279","article-title":"Initial results of a randomized study of emergency banding vs sclerotherapy for bleeding gastric or esophageal varices","volume":"39","author":"Jensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529009095498","article-title":"Propranolol may prevent recurrence of esophageal varices after obliteration by endoscopic sclerotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Jensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00543337","article-title":"Relationship between dose, blood level and hemodynamic response in patients with cirrhosis receiving propranolol","volume":"28","author":"Jiron","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(93)70064-4","article-title":"Complications associated with endoscopic band ligation of esophageal varices (see comments)","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib153","first-page":"765","article-title":"Phenotypic modulation of perisinusoidal cells following acute liver injury: A quantitative analysis","volume":"73","author":"Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib154","first-page":"160","article-title":"Incidence and management of complications after injection sclerotherapy: A ten-year prospective evaluation","volume":"105","author":"Kahn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.2957\/kanzo.27.1132","article-title":"Measurement of azygos blood flow by a continuous thermodilution method in liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Kanazawa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Hepatol Jpn"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17824.x","article-title":"The contraction of hepatic stellate (Ito) cells stimulated with vasoactive substances: Possible involvement of endothelin-1 and NO in the regulation of the sinusoidal tonus","volume":"213","author":"Kawada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6684.1363","article-title":"Controlled trial of propranolol to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding in patients with non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis","volume":"298","author":"Kiire","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250209","article-title":"Risk factors for hemorrhage from gastric fundal varices","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070503","article-title":"Prevention of recurrence of esophageal varices after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with ethanolamine oleate","volume":"7","author":"Kitano","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01299807","article-title":"Hemodynamic effect of propranolol on portal hypertension in patients with HBsAG-positive cirrhosis","volume":"31","author":"Kong","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050410","article-title":"A prospective randomized controlled trial of chronic esophageal variceal sclerotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Korula","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090218","article-title":"Discrepancy between portal pressure and systemic hemodynamic changes after incremental doses of propranolol in awake portal hypertensive rats","volume":"9","author":"Koshy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090603","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of blood volume restitution following a hemorrhage in rats with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of the liver: Influence of the extent of portal-systemic shunting","volume":"9","author":"Kravetz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040315","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous somatostatin and vasopressin infusions in treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"4","author":"Kravetz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90330-1","article-title":"Hyposensitivity to vasopressin in a haemorrhaged-transfused rat model of portal hypertension","volume":"93","author":"Kravetz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90390-2","article-title":"Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive rats during hemorrhage and blood volume restitution","volume":"90","author":"Kravetz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050120","article-title":"Increased portal venous resistance hinders portal pressure reduction during the administration of \u03b2-adrenergic blocking agents in a portal hypertensive model","volume":"5","author":"Kroeger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.2.8475283","article-title":"Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the wallstent endoprosthesis: Results in 100 patients","volume":"187","author":"LaBerge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00007","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"123","author":"Laine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-1-199307010-00001","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"119","author":"Laine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8566601","article-title":"Randomized comparison of ligation versus ligation plus sclerotherapy in patients with bleeding esophageal varices (see comments)","volume":"110","author":"Laine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.255.4.497","article-title":"Acute esophageal variceal sclerotherapy: Results of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"255","author":"Larson","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250608","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal ligation in prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with high-risk esophageal varices","volume":"25","author":"Lay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(94)90059-0","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of portal hypertension: Hemodynamic effects and prevention of bleeding","volume":"61","author":"Lebrec","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840020502","article-title":"The effect of propranolol on portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis: A hemodynamic study","volume":"2","author":"Lebrec","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040301","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of propranolol for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: A final report","volume":"4","author":"Lebrec","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(88)80515-4","article-title":"Nadolol for prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis, a randomized trial","volume":"7","author":"Lebrec","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9178670","article-title":"Large paraesophageal varices on endosonography predict recurrence of esophageal varices and rebleeding","volume":"112","author":"Leung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90817-U","article-title":"Early chronic administration of propranolol reduces the severity of portal hypertension and portal-systemic shunts in conscious portal vein stenosed rats","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80616-6","article-title":"Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy vs. endoscopic variceal ligation in arresting acute variceal bleeding for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Lo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80036-1","article-title":"Prophylactic banding ligation of high-risk esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: A prospective, randomized trial","volume":"31","author":"Lo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250509","article-title":"Emergency banding ligation versus sclerotherapy for the control of active bleeding from esophageal varices","volume":"25","author":"Lo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib183","first-page":"750","article-title":"Local factors in ascites formation during sodium retention in cirrhosis","volume":"275","author":"Losowsky","year":"1966","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib184","first-page":"711","article-title":"Evaluation of propranolol for prevention of recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices between sclerotherapy sessions","volume":"156","author":"Lundell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528809093881","article-title":"Reduction in early recurrence of variceal bleeding by propranolol","volume":"23","author":"Marbet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080206","article-title":"Effect of vasodilators on hepatic microcirculation: A study of the inhibition of norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused rat liver","volume":"8","author":"Marteau","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib187","first-page":"833","article-title":"Prevention des recifives hemorragiques chez des malades atteints de cirrhose: Resultants d'une etude controlee comparant propranolol et sclerose endoscopique","volume":"15","author":"Martin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100302","article-title":"\u03b2-Blockade with propranolol and hepatic artery blood flow in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Mastai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80012-0","article-title":"Effects of alpha-adrenergic stimulation and beta-adrenergic blockade on zygos blood flow in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Mastai","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib190","first-page":"274","article-title":"How to insert a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube","volume":"43","author":"McCormick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib191","first-page":"106A","article-title":"Propranolol and isosorbide mononitrate versus sclerotherapy or shunt surgery for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: A randomized trial [abstr]","volume":"20","author":"McCormick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000200264","article-title":"A study of octreotide in oesophageal varices","volume":"45","author":"McKee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.6.663","article-title":"Changes in blood flow, portal pressure and shunting during the development of cirrhosis in response to beta-blockade","volume":"28","author":"McLaren","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib194","first-page":"717","article-title":"Prognostic indicators of survival in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices without previous bleeding","volume":"84","author":"Merkel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80077-6","article-title":"Effects of isosorbide dinitrate on portal hypertension in alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Merkel","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000199224","article-title":"Effect of somatostatin on splanchnic hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Merkel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05406-2","article-title":"Randomized trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L'ipertensione portale","volume":"348","author":"Merkel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib198","first-page":"194","article-title":"Haemodynamic changes in portal hypertension: New insights in the pathogenesis and clinical implications","volume":"57","author":"Michielsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib199","first-page":"109","article-title":"Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Moncada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100118","article-title":"Low dose of nitroglycerin failed to improve splanchnic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis: Evidence for an impaired cardiopulmonary baroreflex function","volume":"10","author":"Moreau","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260304","article-title":"The role of granulomatous phlebitis and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and portal hypertension in sarcoidosis","volume":"26","author":"Moreno Merlo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib202","first-page":"331","article-title":"A randomized trial of tamponade or sclerotherapy as immediate treatment for bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"167","author":"Moreto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200620","article-title":"Propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate for portal hypertension in cirrhosis: Long-term hemodynamic and renal effects","volume":"20","author":"Morillas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib204","first-page":"G544","article-title":"Pharmacology of portal-systemic collaterals in portal hypertensive rats: Role of endothelin","volume":"263","author":"Mosca","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a091713","article-title":"Enhancement of renal function by a long-acting somatostatin analogue in patients with decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"3","author":"Mountokalakis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198713010-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of long-acting propranolol: Implications for therapeutic use","volume":"13","author":"Nace","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib207","first-page":"523","article-title":"The usefulness of ultrasonic microprobe imaging for endoscopic variceal ligation","volume":"91","author":"Nagamine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00150.x","article-title":"A pilot study on modified endoscopic variceal ligation using endoscopic ultrasonography with color Doppler function (see comments)","volume":"93","author":"Nagamine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91630-2","article-title":"Reduction of portal pressure by isosorbide-5-mononitrate in patients with cirrhosis: Effects on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics and liver function","volume":"96","author":"Navasa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib210","series-title":"The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","first-page":"819","article-title":"Vasodilators and the treatment of angina","author":"Needleman","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270104","article-title":"Variceal pressure is a factor predicting the risk of a first variceal bleeding: A prospective cohort study in cirrhotic subjects","volume":"27","author":"Nevens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80463-5","article-title":"The effect of different doses of a bolus injection of somatostatin combined with a slow infusion on transmural oesophageal variceal pressure in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Nevens","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199508000-00015","article-title":"Plasma endothelin-1 levels of children with cirrhosis","volume":"21","author":"Nozue","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib214","first-page":"899","article-title":"Comparison of three nonsurgical treatments for bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"96","author":"O'Connor","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib215","first-page":"132","article-title":"Effects of propranolol on portal hemodynamics in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"80","author":"Ohnishi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib216","first-page":"71","article-title":"Therapeutic controversies and randomized controlled trials: Prevention of bleeding and rebleeding in cirrhosis","volume":"2","author":"Pagliaro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib217","series-title":"Portal Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Treatment","first-page":"72","article-title":"Portal hypertension in cirrhosis: Natural history","author":"Pagliaro","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-1-59","article-title":"Prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis: A meta-analysis of randomized trials of nonsurgical treatment","volume":"117","author":"Pagliaro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib219","first-page":"213","article-title":"Effects of propranolol on gastric mucosal perfusion in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy","volume":"17","author":"Panes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536031","article-title":"Efficacy of balloon tamponade in treatment of bleeding gastric and esophageal varices","volume":"33","author":"Panes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021560","article-title":"Prophylactic endoscopic sclerosing treatment of the esophageal wall in varices\u2014a prospective controlled randomized trial","volume":"14","author":"Paquet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050409","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerosis and esophageal balloon tamponade in acute hemorrhage from esophagogastric varices: A prospective controlled randomized trial","volume":"5","author":"Paquet","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib223","first-page":"1743","article-title":"Prevention de la recidive hemoragique par rupture de varices oesphagiennes chez le cirrhotique: Etude controlee comparant le propranolol et la ligature de l'oesphage sur clip","volume":"18","author":"Parelon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710013171403","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of first upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices","volume":"317","author":"Pascal","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93125-S","article-title":"Propranolol in prevention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhosis","volume":"337","author":"Perez-Ayuso","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080605","article-title":"Prophylactic sclerotherapy of high-risk esophageal varices: Results of a multicentric prospective controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Piai","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115905","article-title":"Fat-storing cells as liver specific pericytes: Spatial dynamics of agonist-stimulated intracellular calcium transients","volume":"90","author":"Pinzani","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100610","article-title":"Propranolol decreases portal pressure without changing portocollateral resistance in cirrhotic rats","volume":"10","author":"Pique","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200216","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial comparing somatostatin and sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding","volume":"20","author":"Planas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040614","article-title":"Hemodynamic factors involved in the development and rupture of esophageal varices: A pathophysiologic approach to treatment","volume":"6","author":"Polio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90247-2","article-title":"Systemic and hepatic hemodynamics after variceal hemorrhage: Effects of propranolol and placebo","volume":"93","author":"Pomier-Layrargues","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242202","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices, an analysis of data and prognostic factors in 589 patients from four randomized clinical trials","volume":"324","author":"Poynard","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070306","article-title":"Propranolol for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: A prospective study of factors associated with rebleeding","volume":"7","author":"Poynard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(76)90098-2","article-title":"Life-threatening hemorrhage of the digestive tract in cirrhotic patients","volume":"131","author":"Prandi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-9139(95)90054-3","article-title":"Sclerotherapy plus octreotide versus sclerotherapy alone in the prevention of early rebleeding from esophageal varices: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. New Italian Endoscopic Club","volume":"21","author":"Primignani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib236","first-page":"41","article-title":"Etude controlee du propranolol dans la prevention des recidives hemorrhagiques chez des patients cirrhotiques","volume":"11","author":"Queneit","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000200345","article-title":"Efficacy of oral propranolol and injection sclerotherapy in the long-term management of variceal bleeding","volume":"46","author":"Qureshi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(90)90150-P","article-title":"Nitroglycerin for portal hypertension, a controlled comparison of the hemodynamic effects of graded doses","volume":"10","author":"Rector","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198312153092406","article-title":"Somatostatin (part I)","volume":"309","author":"Reichlin","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198312223092506","article-title":"Somatostatin","volume":"309","author":"Reichlin","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80090-3","article-title":"Endoscopic measurement of variceal pressure in cirrhosis: Correlation with portal pressure and variceal hemorrhage","volume":"96","author":"Rigau","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib242","first-page":"190A","article-title":"Modulation of nitric oxide synthase III in sinusoidal endothelial cells: Implications for the pathogenesis of portal hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Rockey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70487-1","article-title":"Reduced nitric oxide production by endothelial cells in cirrhotic rat liver: Endothelial dysfunction in portal hypertension","volume":"114","author":"Rockey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib244","series-title":"Portal Hypertension II: Proceedings of the Second Baveno Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies","first-page":"18","article-title":"The evolution of knowledge on the pathophysiology of portal hypertension","author":"Rodes","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00176-X","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of portal hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Rodriguez-Perez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90828-Y","article-title":"Prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding in alcoholic cirrhotic patients: Prospective controlled trial of propranolol and sclerotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib247","first-page":"A44","article-title":"TIPS versus sclerotherapy and \u03b2 blockade: Preliminary results of a randomized study in patients with recurrent variceal hemorrhage [abstr]","volume":"20","author":"Rossle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib248","first-page":"804","article-title":"Comparison of somatostatin and vasopressin in bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"85","author":"Saari","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90190-A","article-title":"A randomized study of propranolol on postprandial portal hyperemia in cirrhotic patients","volume":"102","author":"Sabba","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90921-W","article-title":"Importance of 1 month effect of nadolol on portal pressure in predicting failure of prevention of rebleeding in cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Sacerdoti","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1005555","article-title":"The Saeed Six-Shooter: A prospective study of a new endoscopic multiple rubber-band ligator for the treatment of varices","volume":"28","author":"Saeed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250113","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal ligation is superior to combined ligation and sclerotherapy for esophageal varices: A multicenter prospective randomized trial","volume":"25","author":"Saeed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180432","article-title":"Ito cell contraction in response to endothelin-1 and substance P","volume":"18","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)91258-I","article-title":"Isosorbide 5-mononitrate (ISMN) increases plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone (ALD) and impairs renal function in cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"13","author":"Salmeron","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198710000-00003","article-title":"Endoscopic techniques and complications in variceal sclerotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Sanowski","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8698192","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy","volume":"111","author":"Sanyal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1989.tb00234.x","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy for esophago-gastric varices: A critical reappraisal","volume":"19","author":"Sarin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib258","series-title":"Portal Hypertension II: Proceedings of the Second Baveno International Consensus Workshop on Definitions, Methodology and Therapeutic Strategies","first-page":"30","article-title":"Diagnostic issues: Portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric varices","author":"Sarin","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80248-6","article-title":"Prospective randomized trial of endoscopic sclerotherapy versus variceal band ligation for esophageal varices: Influence on gastropathy, gastric varices and variceal recurrence","volume":"26","author":"Sarin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115062","article-title":"Propranolol ameliorates the development of portal-systemic shunting in a chronic murine schistosomiasis model of portal hypertension","volume":"87","author":"Sarin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199604000-00010","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of endoscopic variceal band ligation for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding (see comments)","volume":"8","author":"Sarin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib262","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Gastric varices: Profile, classification, and management","volume":"84","author":"Sarin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib263","first-page":"641","article-title":"Sclerosants for variceal sclerotherapy: A critical appraisal","volume":"85","author":"Sarin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib264","first-page":"434","article-title":"Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: Long-term follow up study in 568 patients with portal hypertension","volume":"95","author":"Sarin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904013401302","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic ligation and propranolol for the primary prevention of variceal bleeding","volume":"340","author":"Sarin","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.6.657","article-title":"Intravariceal versus paravariceal sclerotherapy: A prospective, controlled, randomised trial","volume":"28","author":"Sarin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.6.710","article-title":"Comparison of the two time schedules for endoscopic sclerotherapy: A prospective randomised controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Sarin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000171384","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of active variceal bleeding","volume":"10","author":"Scarpignato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib269","first-page":"97","article-title":"Vasopressin and oxytocin in the neural control of circulation","volume":"43","author":"Schmid","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib270","first-page":"823","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: A review","volume":"82","author":"Schuman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib271","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Nitric oxide mediates hyporeactivity to vasopressors in mesenteric vessels of portal hypertensive rats","volume":"103","author":"Seiber","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197508072930606","article-title":"Propranolol","volume":"293","author":"Shand","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1989.tb00370.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled study of propranolol for prevention of recurrent esophageal varices bleeding in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Sheen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80105-9","article-title":"A prospective randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of somatostatin with injection sclerotherapy in the control of bleeding oesophageal varices","volume":"16","author":"Shields","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260214","article-title":"Role of ischemia in causing apoptosis, atrophy, and nodular hyperplasia in human liver","volume":"26","author":"Shimamatsu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib276","first-page":"3","article-title":"[Pathophysiological and pharmacotherapeutic aspects of portal hypertension]","volume":"123","author":"Sieber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib277","first-page":"61","article-title":"Terlipressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin vs octreotide in the control of acute bleeding from esophageal varices","volume":"18","author":"Silvain","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80264-3","article-title":"Variceal hemorrhage: A critical evaluation of survival analysis","volume":"82","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib279","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices: A clinical study","volume":"524","author":"Soderlund","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib280","first-page":"449","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy vs conservative management of bleeding oesophageal varices","volume":"151","author":"Soderlund","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90015-9","article-title":"Effect of somatostatin on splanchnic hemodynamics","volume":"80","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(88)71274-2","article-title":"Endoscopic esophageal varix ligation: Preliminary clinical experience","volume":"34","author":"Stiegmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206043262304","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"326","author":"Stiegmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib284","first-page":"1395","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial for the prevention of the first upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to portal hypertension in cirrhosis sclerotherapy or propranolol versus control groups","volume":"8","author":"Strauss","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91758-E","article-title":"Octreotide infusion or emergency sclerotherapy for variceal haemorrhage (see comments)","volume":"342","author":"Sung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92840-5","article-title":"Prospective randomised study of effect of octreotide on rebleeding from oesophageal varices after endoscopic ligation","volume":"346","author":"Sung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649901045","article-title":"A prospective randomized controlled trial of sclerotherapy vs ligation in the prophylactic treatment of high-risk esophageal varices","volume":"13","author":"Svoboda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91090-5","article-title":"Failure of repeated injection sclerotherapy to improve long-term survival after oesophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"2","author":"Terblanche","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80075-2","article-title":"Randomized trial of portacaval shunt, stapling transection and endoscopic sclerotherapy in uncontrolled variceal bleeding","volume":"4","author":"Teres","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90158-9","article-title":"Propranolol versus sclerotherapy in preventing variceal rebleeding: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Teres","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)31660-9","article-title":"Esophageal tamponade for bleeding varices","volume":"75","author":"Teres","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198412203112502","article-title":"Sclerotherapy after first variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis","volume":"311","author":"The Copenhagen Esophageal Varices Sclerotherapy Project","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(89)90078-0","article-title":"Propranolol prevents first gastrointestinal bleeding in non-ascitic cirrhotic patients: Final report of a multicenter randomized trial","volume":"9","author":"The Italian Multicenter Project for Propranolol in Prevention of Bleeding","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140612","article-title":"Prophylaxis of first hemorrhage from esophageal varices by sclerotherapy, propranolol or both in cirrhotic patients: A randomized multicenter trial","volume":"14","author":"The PROVA Study Group","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106203242505","article-title":"Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in men with alcoholic liver disease: A randomized single-blind, multicenter clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060313","article-title":"Controlled trial of vasopressin plus nitroglycerin vs vasopressin alone in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"6","author":"Tsai","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130304","article-title":"Hyposensitivity to vasopressin in patients with hepatitis-B related cirrhosis during acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices","volume":"13","author":"Tsai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100305","article-title":"Lack of effects of isosorbide-5 mononitrate on hepatic hemodynamics in HBsAg positive cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib299","first-page":"443","article-title":"Circulatory effects of somatostatin in anesthetized man","volume":"145","author":"Tyden","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100611","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of somatostatin in the management of acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices","volume":"10","author":"Valenzuela","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080104","article-title":"Lack of vasopressin action on splanchnic hemodynamics during bleeding: A study in conscious portal hypertensive rats","volume":"8","author":"Valla","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80565-2","article-title":"Failure of haemodynamic measurements to predict recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients receiving propranolol","volume":"5","author":"Valla","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib303","first-page":"1361A","article-title":"Glypressin vs somatostatin in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis a double-blind randomized controlled trial [abstr]","volume":"19","author":"Variceal Bleeding Study Group","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib304","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Hemodynamic evaluation of patients with intrahepatic portal hypertension: Relationship between bleeding varices and the porto-hepatic gradient","volume":"69","author":"Viallet","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90453-7","article-title":"Normal venous circulation of the gastroesophageal junction: A route to understanding varices","volume":"93","author":"Vianna","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib306","first-page":"A1359","article-title":"Prospective controlled trial of propranolol and sclerotherapy for prevention of rebleeding from oesophageal varices","volume":"28","author":"Vickers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606203342502","article-title":"Nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate compared with sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding","volume":"334","author":"Villanueva","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060602","article-title":"Propranolol for the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage: A controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Villeneuve","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91740-U","article-title":"Propranolol reduced the rebleeding rate during endoscopic sclerotherapy before vacireal obliteration","volume":"102","author":"Vinel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib310","first-page":"G52","article-title":"Hyperdynamic circulation in portal-hypertensive rat model: A primary factor for maintenance of chronic portal hypertension","volume":"244","author":"Vorobioff","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80678-6","article-title":"Isosorbide dinitrate in portal hypertensive patients","volume":"16","author":"Vorobioff","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070406","article-title":"Acute and chronic hemodynamic effects of propranolol in unselected cirrhotic patients","volume":"7","author":"Vorobioff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00401-9","article-title":"Analysis of long-term endoscopic surveillance during follow-up after variceal sclerotherapy from a 13-year experience","volume":"102","author":"Waked","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib314","first-page":"163","article-title":"Cyclic GMP synthesis and function","volume":"39","author":"Waldman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150609","article-title":"Terlipressin vs somatostatin in bleeding esophageal varices: A controlled double-blind study","volume":"15","author":"Walker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060121","article-title":"Terlipressin in bleeding esophageal varices: A placebo-controlled double-blind study","volume":"6","author":"Walker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90763-0","article-title":"Stereoselective delivery and actions of beta receptor antagonists","volume":"37","author":"Walle","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.25.2.121","article-title":"Selective and non-selective beta receptor blockade in the reduction of portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Westaby","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090219","article-title":"Controlled clinical trial of injection sclerotherapy for active variceal bleeding","volume":"9","author":"Westaby","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050520","article-title":"Improved survival following injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices: Final analysis of a controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Westaby","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060422","article-title":"Use of propranolol to reduce the rebleeding rate during injection sclerotherapy prior to variceal obliteration","volume":"6","author":"Westaby","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.25.2.129","article-title":"Injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices: A prospective randomised trial of different treatment schedules","volume":"25","author":"Westaby","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110304","article-title":"A controlled trial of oral propranolol compared with injection sclerotherapy for the long-term management of variceal bleeding","volume":"11","author":"Westaby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91444-8","article-title":"Prophylactic endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices: A prospective controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Witzel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(93)70049-8","article-title":"Comparison and characterization of ulcerations induced by endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices versus endoscopic sclerotherapy (see comments)","volume":"39","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70119-9_bib326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060604","article-title":"Portal venous flow in response to acute \u03b2 blocker and vasodilatory treatment in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"6","author":"Zoli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889855305701199?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889855305701199?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T10:58:04Z","timestamp":1735729084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889855305701199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"references-count":326,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889855305701199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0889-8553(05)70119-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]}}}