{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T19:18:03Z","timestamp":1781896683102,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]],"date-time":"1997-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":857174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-0321(97)00001-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T00:14:57Z","timestamp":1027642497000},"page":"1-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Nature and technology of geothermal energy: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Enrico","family":"Barbier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib1","author":"Plummer","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.08.050180.000523","article-title":"Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation","volume":"8","author":"Lister","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.10.050182.002331","article-title":"The heat flow from the continents","volume":"10","author":"Pollack","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib4","article-title":"Geodynamies","author":"Uyeda","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib5","series-title":"Il Futuro dell Energia (The Energy Future)","author":"Silvestri","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(78)90002-0","article-title":"Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources","volume":"7","author":"Muffler","year":"1978","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib7","first-page":"301","article-title":"Convective heat transport in geothermal systems","volume":"5","author":"Lippmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Geofisica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib8","series-title":"Small Geothermal Resources-A Guide to Development and Utilization","first-page":"31","article-title":"Classification and assessment of geothermal resources","author":"Hochstein","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib9","series-title":"Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","author":"Grant","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib10","series-title":"Geothermal Energy, Resources, Production and Stimulation","first-page":"69","article-title":"Characteristics of geothermal resources","author":"White","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib11","series-title":"Proc. 5th Workshop Geoth. Reservoir Engineering","first-page":"283","article-title":"Models for steam chemistry at Larderello and The Geysers","author":"D'Amore","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13,635","DOI":"10.1029\/JB093iB11p13635","article-title":"Vapor-dominated zones within hydrothermal systems: evolution and natural state","volume":"93","author":"Ingebritsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib13","first-page":"201","article-title":"Geothermal development in Italy: country update report","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Allegrini","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(95)00041-0","article-title":"The status of world geothermal power production","volume":"25","author":"Huttrer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib15","first-page":"613","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(80)90004-3","article-title":"Geothermal energy and the environment: the global experience","volume":"5","author":"Pasqualetti","year":"1980","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib17","series-title":"World. Geoth. Congress","first-page":"50","article-title":"Geothermal energy in Tuscany and northern Latium","author":"ENEL SpA","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib18","first-page":"17","article-title":"Matsukawa geothermal power development","author":"Japan Metals & Chemicals Co. Ltd","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(77)90026-8","article-title":"Geothermal fluid chemistry and human health","volume":"6","author":"Ellis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Geothermies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib20","series-title":"World geothermal resources-main characteristics and maximum values","author":"Sommaruga","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(94)90037-X","article-title":"Geothermal energy research and development","volume":"23","author":"Fridleifsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib22","first-page":"3","article-title":"Le r\u00e9gime thermique de l'eau souterraine","volume":"10","author":"Goguel","year":"1953","journal-title":"Annales des Mines"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib23","series-title":"Proc. 2nd Conf. on Nuclear Processes in Geologic Settings","first-page":"29","article-title":"Isotopic geochemistry of thermal waters","author":"Craig","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib24","series-title":"L'Energia: Fonti e Produzione","first-page":"73","article-title":"L'energia geotermica","author":"Facca","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib25","author":"Adams","year":"1954"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib26","series-title":"Application of Geochemistry in Geothermal Reservoir Development","first-page":"37","article-title":"Water geothermometers applied to geothermal energy","author":"Fournier","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib27","author":"Montgomery","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib28","series-title":"Proc. United Nations Symp. Develop. Utilization of Geoth. Resources","first-page":"443","article-title":"Geothermal gradient and heat flow in Radicofani region (east of Monte Amiata, Italy)","volume":"2","author":"Burgassi","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib29","article-title":"Geothermal in California","author":"Hodgson","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib30","author":"Anderson","year":"1987"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(92)90033-6","article-title":"Success in geothermal development","volume":"21","author":"Stefansson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(83)90001-9","article-title":"Geothermal reservoir modeling","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"1983","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib33","series-title":"1985 Int. Symp. on Geothermal Energy","first-page":"3","article-title":"Geothermal electric power, the state of the world-1985","author":"DiPippo","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib34","series-title":"World Geothermal Congress, Proceedings","first-page":"3","volume":"Vol. 1","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib35","series-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. on Geothermal Power in Asia-Investing and Developing Asian Opportunities","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geothermal power in Asia: a review","author":"Barbier","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib36","unstructured":"Attridge G. M., BP statistical review of world energy, London. Personal communication."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib37","author":"Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S.A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"The World Factbook 1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib38","series-title":"Regenerative Energien, Betriebserfahrungen und Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalysen der Anlagen in Europa","first-page":"123","article-title":"The geothermoelectric generation in Italy: planning strategies, experience gained during operation, and cost analysis","author":"Allegrini","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib39","series-title":"Proc.\/ldGeothermal Energy-The Environmentally Responsible Energy Technology for the Nineties\/rd","first-page":"221","article-title":"Edison's OF experience","author":"Gould","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib40","series-title":"Geothermal Energy","first-page":"214","article-title":"Electricity generation","author":"Hudson","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib41","first-page":"2837","article-title":"Economics of geothermal energy","volume":"Vol. 4","author":"Liguori","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib42","article-title":"The European renewable energy study","volume":"Vols 1\u20134","author":"Commission of the European Communities","year":"1994","journal-title":"Main report"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geothermal energy at the world level","volume":"23","author":"Fridleifsson","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib44","first-page":"188","author":"AFME","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-6505(95)00051-8","article-title":"Direct uses of geothermal energy","volume":"25","author":"Freeston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2118\/35755-JPT","article-title":"The mirage of higher petroleum prices","volume":"48","author":"Lynch","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Petroleum Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib47","first-page":"180","article-title":"Mideast oil forever","volume":"25","author":"Romm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geoth. Resources Council Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib48","series-title":"Electricity and the Environment: Background paper to \u201cEnergy sources and technologies for electricity generation\u201d","first-page":"163","article-title":"Geothermal energy: its role in the generation of electricity and its environmental impact","author":"Barbier","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib49","series-title":"Environmental Aspects of Geothermal Development, World Geothermal Congress pre-congress course","article-title":"Chemical impacts of geothermal development","author":"Webster","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2172\/5349877","article-title":"Health and environmental effects document on geothermal energy-1981","author":"Layton","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib51","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Impatto ambientale dell'energia geotermica","volume":"10","author":"Dall'Aglio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acqua Aria"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib52","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Subsidence at Wairakei field. New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"Allis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. Geoth. Resources Council"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib53","first-page":"1851","article-title":"Reinjection monitoring in the Larderello geothermal field using microgravity and topographic measurements","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Dini","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib54","series-title":"Proc. U.N. Symp. on the Development and Utilisation of Geothermal Resources","first-page":"14","article-title":"Geothermal resources in the northern Gulf of Mexico basin","volume":"2","author":"Jones","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib55","series-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. of Industrial Uses of Geothermal Energy","first-page":"5","article-title":"The geopressured habitat and potential uses of the geopressured resource","author":"Negus-De","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib56","series-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. on Industrial Uses of Geothermal Energy","first-page":"8","article-title":"Hot Dry Rock: fringe technology or key component?","author":"Garnish","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib57","series-title":"Proc. Geothermal Program Review VI, Beyond goals and objectives","first-page":"151","article-title":"Research to tap the crustal magma source","author":"Dunn","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib58","series-title":"1985 Int. Symp. on Geothermal Energy","first-page":"241","article-title":"Selected titles for a basic geothermal library","author":"Barbier","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib59","unstructured":"Lippmann, M.J. and Ant\u00fanez, E.U., Geothermal energy information systems. IGA News, International Geothermal Association, Auckland, New Zealand, 24, 1\u20133."},{"key":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00001-4_bib60","unstructured":"Cataldi R. (1996) Personal communication."}],"container-title":["Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364032197000014?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1364032197000014?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T19:19:50Z","timestamp":1681586390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1364032197000014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1364032197000014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1364-0321(97)00001-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-0321"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-0321","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}}}