{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:25:13Z","timestamp":1784701513618,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1961,12,1]],"date-time":"1961-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-255139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Cell Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1961,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,23]],"date-time":"2004-10-23T09:17:34Z","timestamp":1098523054000},"page":"585-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6857,"title":["The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Hayflick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.S.","family":"Moorhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(54)90176-7","volume":"6","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1954","journal-title":"Exptl. Cell Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1038\/1881165a0","volume":"188","author":"Baikie","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB3","first-page":"118","volume":"12","author":"Barr","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Human Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB4","first-page":"668","volume":"17","author":"Berman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB5","first-page":"383","volume":"20","author":"Chu","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB6","first-page":"1089","volume":"23","author":"DeWitt","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.99.2.167","volume":"99","author":"Dulbecco","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Exptl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.102.5.595","volume":"102","author":"Eagle","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Exptl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3373.432","volume":"130","author":"Eagle","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1139\/m60-055","volume":"6","author":"Fenje","year":"1960","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB11","first-page":"48","volume":"16","author":"Fernandes","year":"1958","journal-title":"Texas Repts. Biol. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB12","first-page":"661","volume":"94","author":"Foley","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1958.tb54869.x","volume":"76","author":"Foley","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB14","first-page":"393","volume":"21","author":"Ford","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB15","first-page":"237","volume":"91","author":"Handler","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB16","first-page":"77","volume":"21","author":"Hauschka","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90059-3","volume":"23","author":"Hayflick","year":"1961","journal-title":"Exptl. Cell Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/185783a0","volume":"185","author":"Hayflick","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42709.x","volume":"79","author":"Hayflick","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB20","first-page":"31","volume":"18","author":"Hsu","year":"1960","journal-title":"Texas Repts. Biol. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB21","first-page":"437","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB22","first-page":"463","volume":"18","author":"Hsu","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB23","first-page":"867","volume":"19","author":"Hsu","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB24","first-page":"31","volume":"68","author":"Hull","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB25","unstructured":"Kaplan, M. M., (personal communication)."},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB26","first-page":"434","volume":"22","author":"Kaplan","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB27","first-page":"223","volume":"98","author":"Kissling","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.8.2.345","volume":"8","author":"Klinger","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB29","first-page":"359","volume":"17","author":"Leighton","year":"1957","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195607\/08)9:4<648::AID-CNCR2820090404>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"9","author":"Levan","year":"1956","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1958.tb46820.x","volume":"71","author":"Levan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.112.4.581","volume":"112","author":"McLaren","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Exptl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB33","unstructured":"Mellman, W. J., Hayflick, L. and Moorhead, P. S., Unpublished observations."},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/184477a0","volume":"184","author":"Miles","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195903\/04)12:2<299::AID-CNCR2820120214>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"12","author":"Miles","year":"1959","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1958.tb54868.x","volume":"76","author":"Moore","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1126\/science.124.3212.127-a","volume":"124","author":"Moore","year":"1956","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(60)90138-5","volume":"20","author":"Moorhead","year":"1960","journal-title":"Exptl. Cell Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB39","first-page":"1","volume":"73","author":"Morgan","year":"1950"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB40","first-page":"184","volume":"43","author":"Moscona","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02178829","volume":"16","author":"Moser","year":"1960","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB42","first-page":"1497","volume":"132","author":"Nowell","year":"1960","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1126\/science.133.3445.43","volume":"133","author":"Orsi","year":"1961","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB44","first-page":"303","volume":"5","author":"Parker","year":"1957","journal-title":"Spec. Publ. N.Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB45","first-page":"242","volume":"68","author":"Pierce","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB46","series-title":"Perspectives in Virology","author":"Puck","year":"1959"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.106.1.145","volume":"106","author":"Puck","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Exptl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.108.6.945","volume":"108","author":"Puck","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Exptl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB49","series-title":"Proc. 3rd Canad. Cancer Research Conf","first-page":"189","author":"Rothfels","year":"1959"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401420123","volume":"142","author":"Rothfels","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Exptl. Zool"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/10520295809111827","volume":"33","author":"Rothfels","year":"1958","journal-title":"Stain Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB52","first-page":"570","volume":"84","author":"Rowe","year":"1953"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB53","first-page":"197","volume":"61","author":"Rowe","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1086\/282163","volume":"95","author":"Sax","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. Naturalist"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60493-5","volume":"6","author":"Sonneborn","year":"1959","journal-title":"Advances in Virus Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.125.3239.158","volume":"125","author":"Southam","year":"1957","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB57","first-page":"235","volume":"66","author":"Swim","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB58","first-page":"331","volume":"5","author":"Syverton","year":"1957","journal-title":"Spec. Pub. N.Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.108.2.259","volume":"108","author":"Tjio","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Exptl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)90168-9","volume":"1","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1960","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB61","first-page":"1177","volume":"46","author":"Weiss","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6_BIB62","first-page":"138","volume":"38","author":"Westwood","year":"1957","journal-title":"Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol"}],"container-title":["Experimental Cell Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0014482761901926?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:0014482761901926?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,2]],"date-time":"2019-02-02T18:52:15Z","timestamp":1549133535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/0014482761901926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1961,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1961,12]]}},"alternative-id":["0014482761901926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4827","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1961,12]]}}}