{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:15:54Z","timestamp":1778703354041,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T15:33:08Z","timestamp":1359473588000},"page":"747-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Phasic Mesolimbic Dopamine Release Tracks Reward Seeking During Expression of Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Kate M.","family":"Wassum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean B.","family":"Ostlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel C.","family":"Loewinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel T.","family":"Maidment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115009","article-title":"Learning to predict by methods of temporal differences","volume":"3","author":"Sutton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib2","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"686","article-title":"Sequential decision problems and neural networks","author":"Barto","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00047-3","article-title":"Actor-critic models of the basal ganglia: New anatomical and computational perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Joel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/1124","article-title":"Dopamine neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning","volume":"1","author":"Hollerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00967-4","article-title":"Getting formal with dopamine and reward","volume":"36","author":"Schultz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1923","article-title":"Associative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"10","author":"Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.67.1.145","article-title":"Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions","volume":"67","author":"Ljungberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3823-03.2004","article-title":"Dopamine operates as a subsecond modulator of food seeking","volume":"24","author":"Roitman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.006","article-title":"Basolateral amygdala modulates terminal dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and conditioned responding","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00019-8","article-title":"What is the role of dopamine in reward: Hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?","volume":"28","author":"Berridge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0578-x","article-title":"The debate over dopamine's role in reward: The case for incentive salience","volume":"191","author":"Berridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2008.12.014","article-title":"Dissecting components of reward: 'Liking', 'wanting', and learning","volume":"9","author":"Berridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09588","article-title":"A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning","volume":"469","author":"Flagel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00233-9","article-title":"Parsing reward","volume":"26","author":"Berridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.114.3.468","article-title":"Dissociation of Pavlovian and instrumental incentive learning under dopamine antagonists","volume":"114","author":"Dickinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08122.2000","article-title":"Intra-accumbens amphetamine increases the conditioned incentive salience of sucrose reward: Enhancement of reward \"wanting\" without enhanced \"liking\" or response reinforcement","volume":"20","author":"Wyvell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.07.018","article-title":"Dopamine\/adenosine interactions involved in effort-related aspects of food motivation","volume":"53","author":"Salamone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2229311","article-title":"Differential dependence of Pavlovian incentive motivation and instrumental incentive learning processes on dopamine signaling","volume":"18","author":"Wassum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.217","article-title":"Dopamine receptor blockade attenuates the general incentive motivational effects of noncontingently delivered rewards and reward-paired cues without affecting their ability to bias action selection","volume":"37","author":"Ostlund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.1.1","article-title":"Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons","volume":"80","author":"Schultz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.473","article-title":"Neuronal coding of prediction errors","volume":"23","author":"Schultz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1390.018","article-title":"Cost, benefit, tonic, phasic: What do response rates tell us about dopamine and motivation?","volume":"1104","author":"Niv","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00177-2","article-title":"A computational substrate for incentive salience","volume":"26","author":"McClure","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000437","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000437","article-title":"A neural computational model of incentive salience","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.06.004","article-title":"Pavlovian valuation systems in learning and decision making","volume":"22","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.019","article-title":"Phasic mesolimbic dopamine signaling precedes and predicts performance of a self-initiated action sequence task","volume":"71","author":"Wassum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.11.002","article-title":"Motor sequence learning in primate: Role of the D2 receptor in movement chunking during consolidation","volume":"198","author":"Tremblay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11957","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803896105","article-title":"Dynamic changes in accumbens dopamine correlate with learning during intracranial self-stimulation","volume":"105","author":"Owesson-White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib29","series-title":"The Psychology of Learning and Motivation","first-page":"223","article-title":"Reward learning: Reinforcement, incentives and expectations","author":"Berridge","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1412","article-title":"Chronic microsensors for longitudinal, subsecond dopamine detection in behaving animals","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00093","article-title":"Stress transiently affects Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer","volume":"6","author":"Morgado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5697","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0491509","article-title":"Resolving neurotransmitters detected by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry","volume":"76","author":"Heien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10023","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504657102","article-title":"Real-time measurement of dopamine fluctuations after cocaine in the brain of behaving rats","volume":"102","author":"Heien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2711-11.2011","article-title":"The general and outcome-specific forms of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer are differentially mediated by the nucleus accumbens core and shell","volume":"31","author":"Corbit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036330","article-title":"A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification","volume":"81","author":"Bindra","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024475","article-title":"Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning","volume":"74","author":"Rescorla","year":"1967","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.9.3.225","article-title":"Facilitation of instrumental behavior by a Pavlovian appetitive conditioned stimulus","volume":"9","author":"Lovibond","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(95)00033-B","article-title":"Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking","volume":"20","author":"Berridge","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8821","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2225-08.2008","article-title":"Preferential enhancement of dopamine transmission within the nucleus accumbens shell by cocaine is attributable to a direct increase in phasic dopamine release events","volume":"28","author":"Aragona","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.07027.x","article-title":"Regional specificity in the real-time development of phasic dopamine transmission patterns during acquisition of a cue-cocaine association in rats","volume":"30","author":"Aragona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02849.x","article-title":"Dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens shell and core in response to appetitive classical conditioning","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.762508","article-title":"Pavlovian influences on goal-directed behavior in mice: The role of cue-reinforcer relations","volume":"15","author":"Crombag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.03.007","article-title":"Pavlovian to instrumental transfer: A neurobehavioural perspective","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.06.047","article-title":"Cue-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell tracks reinforcer magnitude during intracranial self-stimulation","volume":"169","author":"Beyene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90196-U","article-title":"Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: A hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Grace","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1103","article-title":"Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission","volume":"6","author":"Floresco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.02104.x","article-title":"\"Passive stabilization\" of striatal extracellular dopamine across the lesion spectrum encompassing the presymptomatic phase of Parkinson's disease: A voltammetric study in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat","volume":"87","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5562-08.2009","article-title":"Synaptic overflow of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens arises from neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area","volume":"29","author":"Sombers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2012.07677.x","article-title":"Sources contributing to the average extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"121","author":"Owesson-White","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890090202","article-title":"Midbrain dopamine system electrophysiological functioning: A review and new hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Bunney","year":"1991","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890070307","article-title":"Regulation of spontaneous activity and oscillatory spike firing in rat midbrain dopamine neurons recorded in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Grace","year":"1991","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09298.x","article-title":"Extracellular concentration and in vivo recovery of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens using microdialysis","volume":"58","author":"Parsons","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245233","article-title":"In vivo regulation of extracellular dopamine in the neostriatum: Influence of impulse activity and local excitatory amino acids","volume":"91","author":"Keefe","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Gen Sect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4759-10.2011","article-title":"Extracellular dopamine levels in striatal subregions track shifts in motivation and response cost during instrumental conditioning","volume":"31","author":"Ostlund","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0813415106","article-title":"Disruption of NMDAR-dependent burst firing by dopamine neurons provides selective assessment of phasic dopamine-dependent behavior","volume":"106","author":"Zweifel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14273","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1894-10.2010","article-title":"Influence of phasic and tonic dopamine release on receptor activation","volume":"30","author":"Dreyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.978708","article-title":"Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens core and shell mediate Pavlovian-instrumental transfer","volume":"15","author":"Lex","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005_bib58","series-title":"4th ed","article-title":"The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"Paxinos","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322312010906?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322312010906?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T20:50:33Z","timestamp":1562619033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322312010906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322312010906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.005","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717976636.793470491","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}}}