{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T02:26:52Z","timestamp":1781058412422,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,10,1]],"date-time":"1991-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":686275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,10,1]],"date-time":"1991-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":686275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10606,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jbc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biological Chemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)54860-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T08:59:09Z","timestamp":1609837149000},"page":"19867-19870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1466,"title":["Structural features in eukaryotic mRNAs that modulate the initiation of translation."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"266","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Kozak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib1","author":"Kozak","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.2.229","volume":"108","author":"Kozak","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2350625","volume":"235","author":"Pain","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib4","series-title":"Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression","first-page":"227","author":"Kozak","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3051379","volume":"242","author":"Cigan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib6","first-page":"117","volume":"1","author":"Kozak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gene Expression"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib7","first-page":"5134","volume":"9","author":"Kozak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(76)90128-8","volume":"9","author":"Shatkin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(84)90142-9","volume":"138","author":"Horikami","year":"1984","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(89)90483-X","volume":"206","author":"Fuerst","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6077","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6077","volume":"86","author":"Malone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib12","first-page":"301","volume":"1","author":"Gallie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90762-2","volume":"44","author":"Kozak","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(87)90418-9","volume":"196","author":"Kozak","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00330861","volume":"212","author":"Jones","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00327214","volume":"210","author":"Taylor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib17","first-page":"5073","volume":"9","author":"Kozak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib18","first-page":"1381","volume":"9","author":"Himmler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90175-X","volume":"57","author":"Query","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.6.2897","volume":"105","author":"Stirzaker","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.4.1717","volume":"17","author":"Sundan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90609-4","volume":"47","author":"Kozak","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8125","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.20.8125","volume":"15","author":"Kozak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib24","first-page":"2964","volume":"8","author":"Cigan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib25","first-page":"2149","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.10.2715","volume":"19","author":"Yamauchi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90554-8","volume":"34","author":"Kozak","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib28","first-page":"3438","volume":"7","author":"Kozak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib29","first-page":"486","volume":"11","author":"Abastado","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90618-0","volume":"49","author":"Werner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.3.954-961.1988","volume":"62","author":"Sedman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib32","first-page":"5676","volume":"9","author":"Angenon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.10.3942","volume":"87","author":"Hasemann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04737.x","volume":"6","author":"Kaufman","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60265-1","volume":"31","author":"Kozak","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.21.8301","volume":"87","author":"Kozak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib37","first-page":"371","volume":"6","author":"Dosaka-Akita","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90507-7","volume":"52","author":"Hann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07399.x","volume":"9","author":"Bernards","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/343662a0","volume":"343","author":"Acland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib41","first-page":"3456","volume":"10","author":"Lemaire","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.11.3978","volume":"86","author":"Florkiewicz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07994.x","volume":"10","author":"Saris","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7919","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.23.7919","volume":"82","author":"Becerra","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(89)90347-1","volume":"205","author":"Prats","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.8.3716-3725.1990","volume":"64","author":"Stephens","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90088-G","volume":"65","author":"Xiao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07635.x","volume":"9","author":"Goossen","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.10.4166","volume":"88","author":"Harrell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.9.2850","volume":"83","author":"Kozak","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/295616a0","volume":"295","author":"Hall","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib52","first-page":"1134","volume":"10","author":"Rozen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib53","first-page":"2737","volume":"8","author":"Kozak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib54","first-page":"5234","volume":"9","author":"Muller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1990443","volume":"251","author":"Fu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90253-X","volume":"55","author":"Bass","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.9.3182-3192.1988","volume":"62","author":"Dabrowski","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.1.453-457.1990","volume":"64","author":"Sedman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib59","first-page":"2382","volume":"11","author":"Gillman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib60","first-page":"111","volume":"1","author":"Kozak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gene Expression"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14168.x","volume":"175","author":"Sleat","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.6.2669-2677.1990","volume":"64","author":"Dolph","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90286-7","volume":"42","author":"McGarry","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02464888","volume":"217","author":"Sch\u00f6ffl","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(83)90522-6","volume":"131","author":"Hooft van Iddekinge","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib66","first-page":"2656","volume":"11","author":"Falcone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.1.328","volume":"87","author":"Fajardo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1987.6.553","volume":"6","author":"Sarver","year":"1987","journal-title":"DNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6044","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.9.2828","volume":"18","author":"Kozak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07841.x","volume":"10","author":"Krolewski","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biological Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021925818548602?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021925818548602?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T06:23:19Z","timestamp":1758176599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021925818548602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0021925818548602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)54860-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9258","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Structural features in eukaryotic mRNAs that modulate the initiation of translation.","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54860-2","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 1991 ASBMB. Currently published by Elsevier Inc; originally published by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}