{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:32:02Z","timestamp":1778643122505,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]],"date-time":"2002-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4530(01)00045-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,15]],"date-time":"2002-10-15T01:22:28Z","timestamp":1034644948000},"page":"199-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":782,"title":["Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Megan R.","family":"Gunnar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bonny","family":"Donzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB1","unstructured":"Ames, E.W., 1990. Spitz revised: a trip to Romanian \u201corphanages\u201d. Canadian Psychological Association Developmental Psychology Section Newsletter, 9(2), 8\u201311."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB2","unstructured":"Alwin, J., Goldsmith, S., Lane, S.K., 2000. Salivary cortisol in infants at daycare and at home. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-12-03943.1996","article-title":"Maternal glucocorticoid secretion mediates long-term effects of prenatal stress","volume":"16","author":"Barbazanges","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.104.1.98","article-title":"Influence of maternal proximity on behavioral and psychological responses to separation in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"104","author":"Bayart","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB5","unstructured":"Bruce, J., Kroupina, M., Parker, S., Gunnar, M.R., 2000. The relationships between cortisol patterns, growth retardation, and developmental delay in post-institutionalized children. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.9.5335","article-title":"Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat","volume":"95","author":"Caldji","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB7","first-page":"524","article-title":"Effects of social deprivation on cortisol regulation in institutionalized Romanian infants","volume":"21","author":"Carlson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci. Abstr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51936.x","article-title":"Psychological and neuroendocrinological sequelae of early social deprivation in institutionalized children in Romania","volume":"807","author":"Carlson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB9","first-page":"32","article-title":"Failures in the expectable environment and their impact on individual development: the case of child maltreatment","volume":"2","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90067-V","article-title":"24-hour cortisol measures in adolescents with major depression: a controlled study","volume":"30","author":"Dahl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB11","first-page":"245","article-title":"On the origins of a vulnerability to depression: the influence of the early social environment on the development of psychobiological systems related to risk for affective disorder","volume":"31","author":"Dawson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB12","first-page":"249","article-title":"Hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls","volume":"78","author":"DeBellis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00044-X","article-title":"Developmental traumatology, Part 1: biological stress systems","volume":"9","author":"DeBellis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199807)33:1<93::AID-DEV8>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Familiar and novel contexts yield different associations between cortisol and behavior among 2-year-olds","volume":"31","author":"deHaan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02088100","article-title":"Brain-corticosteroid hormone dialogue: slow and persistent","volume":"16","author":"DeKloet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB16","first-page":"269","article-title":"Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"DeKloet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(99)00009-8","article-title":"Cortisol levels of young children in full-day childcare centers: relations with age and temperament","volume":"24","author":"Dettling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(00)00028-7","article-title":"Quality of care and temperament determine whether cortisol levels rise over the day for children in full-day childcare","volume":"25","author":"Dettling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2307\/1166147","article-title":"The effects of mother's physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation","volume":"59","author":"Field","year":"1994","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200011000-00009","article-title":"Specialized foster care for maltreated preschoolers: impact on children's behavior, neuroendocrine activity","volume":"39","author":"Fisher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB21","series-title":"Coping and Health","first-page":"203","article-title":"Psychobiological aspects of life stress","author":"Frankenhaeuser","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB22","unstructured":"Gilles, E.E., Berntson, G.G., Zipf, W.B., Gunnar, M., 2000. Neglect is associated with a blunting of behavioral and biological stress responses in human infants. Paper presented at the Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002205","article-title":"The effects of neonatal stress on brain development: implications for psychopathology","volume":"11","author":"Graham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB24","first-page":"3","article-title":"Studies of the human infant's adrenocortical response to potentially stressful events","volume":"45","author":"Gunnar","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB25","series-title":"The Psychobiology of Infant Temperament","author":"Gunnar","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB26","first-page":"491","article-title":"Reactivity of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenocortical system to stressors in normal infants and children","volume":"90","author":"Gunnar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB27","series-title":"Soothing and Stress","first-page":"39","article-title":"\u201cLooking for the Rosetta Stone\u201d: An essay on crying, soothing, and stress","author":"Gunnar","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420220304","article-title":"Lack of stability in neonatal adrenocortical reactivity because of rapid habituation of the adrenocortical response","volume":"22","author":"Gunnar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.3.355","article-title":"Attachment, temperament, and adrenocortical activity in infancy: a study of psychoendocrine regulation","volume":"25","author":"Gunnar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199604)29:3<191::AID-DEV1>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Stress reactivity and attachment security","volume":"29","author":"Gunnar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.2307\/1131867","article-title":"Dampening of adrenocortical responses during infancy: normative changes and individual differences","volume":"67","author":"Gunnar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420240704","article-title":"Cortisol and behavioral responses to repeated stressors in the human newborn","volume":"24","author":"Gunnar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2307\/1131479","article-title":"The stressfulness of separation among 9-month-old infants: effects of social context variables and infant temperament","volume":"63","author":"Gunnar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunnar, M.R., Morison, S.J., Chisholm, K., Schuder, M. 2001. Salivary cortisol levels in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Dev. Psychopath (in press).","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940100311X"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/1131367","article-title":"Event-related potentials in year-old infants: relations with emotionality and cortisol","volume":"65","author":"Gunnar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199707)31:1<65::AID-DEV6>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Temperament, social competence, and adrenocortical activity in preschoolers","volume":"31","author":"Gunnar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003066","article-title":"Low cortisol and a flattening of the expected daytime rhythm: Potential indices of risk in human development","volume":"13","author":"Gunnar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopath."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197501000-00008","article-title":"Cortisol binding to proteins in plasma in the human neonate and infant","volume":"9","author":"Hadjian","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-196211000-00002","article-title":"Psychological factors lowering plasma 17-hyroxycorticosteroid concentration","volume":"24","author":"Handlon","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006313","article-title":"Salivary cortisol in maltreated children: evidence of relations between neuroendocrine activity and social competence","volume":"7","author":"Hart","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopath."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007045","article-title":"Altered neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children related to symptoms of depression","volume":"8","author":"Hart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopath."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB42","first-page":"150","article-title":"Peer relations and the growth of social competence","volume":"3","author":"Hartup","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.2307\/1130673","article-title":"Conflict and the friendship relations of young children","volume":"59","author":"Hartup","year":"1988","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(99)00035-9","article-title":"The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders","volume":"25","author":"Heim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48279.x","article-title":"The role of early adverse life events in the etiology of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder: focus on corticotropin-releasing factor","volume":"821","author":"Heim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420250503","article-title":"First time experiences in infancy: when they appear to be pleasant, do they activate the adrenocortical stress response?","volume":"25","author":"Hertsgaard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB47","unstructured":"Hessl, D., Dawson, G., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., Self, H., Yamada, E., Osterling, J., 1998. A longitudinal study of children of depressed mothers: psychobiological findings related to stress. In: Hann, D.M., Huffman, L.C., Lederhendler, K.K., Minecke, D. (Eds.), Advancing Research on Developmental Plasticity: Integrating the Behavioral Sciences and the Neurosciences of Mental Health. National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, p. 256."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1166062","article-title":"Peer interaction of young children","volume":"53","author":"Howes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB49","first-page":"722","article-title":"Differences in cortisol levels in infants exposed prenatally to alcohol and cocaine","volume":"17","author":"Jacobson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB50","first-page":"113","article-title":"The impact of orphanage rearing on growth and development","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80175-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of stress: a dynamic overview of hormonal and behavioral homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2307\/1130685","article-title":"The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children","volume":"58","author":"Kagan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.112.2.286","article-title":"Asymmetric frontal brain activity, cortisol, and behavior associated with fearful temperament in rhesus monkeys","volume":"112","author":"Kalin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199103000-00014","article-title":"Depressive disorders in maltreated children","volume":"30","author":"Kaufman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00470-2","article-title":"The corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed nonabused, and normal control children","volume":"42","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB56","unstructured":"Kaufman, J., Brent, D., Birmaher, B., Dahl, R., Perel, J., Ryan, N., Puig-Antich, J., Williamson, D., 1993. Measures of family adversity, clinical symptomatology, and cortisol secretion in a sample of preadolescent, depressed children. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting, Am Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiat., Sante Fe, NM."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB57","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Neurobiological correlates of child abuse","volume":"45","author":"Kaufman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB58","unstructured":"Kroupina, M., Gunnar, M.R., Johnson, D.E., 1997. Report on salivary cortisol levels in a Russian baby home. Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB59","unstructured":"Lane, S.K., 1999. Daily cortisol pattern, daytime naps, and temperament in infants and preschoolers. Unpublished Undergraduate Honor's Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB60","unstructured":"Lane, S.K., Donzella, B., Boxer, J., Gunnar, M.R., July, 2000. Cortisol levels in toddlers at full-day childcare: comparisons with home cortisol and temperament. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2307\/1131009","article-title":"The effects of morning naps, car trips, and maternal separation on adrenocortical activity in human infants","volume":"62","author":"Larson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199812)33:4<327::AID-DEV4>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Dampening of the cortisol response to handling at 3-months in human infants and its relation to sleep, circadian cortisol activity, and behavioral distress","volume":"33","author":"Larson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB63","unstructured":"Legendre, A., Kortinus, M., 1996. Differences in stress susceptibility among toddlers in day care centers: Relationships with frequency of diseases. Paper presented at the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development, Quebec City, Canada."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB64","first-page":"554","article-title":"Cortisol and behavioral responses of young children coping with a group of unfamiliar peers","volume":"42","author":"Legendre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Merrill\u2013Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39245.x","article-title":"The ontogeny of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis: the influence of maternal factors","volume":"746","author":"Levine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(76)90265-1","article-title":"Environmental control of suppression of the pituitary\u2013adrenal system","volume":"17","author":"Levine","year":"1976","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(88)90011-X","article-title":"Psychoendocrine aspects of mother\u2013infant relationships in nonhuman primates","volume":"13","author":"Levine","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2307\/1131941","article-title":"Developmental change in infants' responses to stress","volume":"66","author":"Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/0097840X.1981.9936826","article-title":"Catecholamine and cortisol excretion patterns in three-year-old children and their parents","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Human Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1993.tb01133.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activity in preschool children: comparison between day-care and home levels","volume":"34","author":"Lundberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2307\/1130784","article-title":"Use of salivary cortisol measurements in young infants: a note of caution","volume":"60","author":"Magnano","year":"1989","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB72","series-title":"Human Behavior and Adaptation","first-page":"229","article-title":"Behavioral profiles and corticosteroid excretion rhythms in young children Part 2: circadian and weekly rhythms in corticosteroid excretion levels of children as indicators of adaptation to social context","author":"Montagner","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39221.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and stress: permissive and suppressive actions","volume":"746","author":"Munck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2307\/1131829","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: moderating role of attachment security","volume":"67","author":"Nachmias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.58.6.454","article-title":"Age of appearance of circadian rhythm in salivary cortisol values in infancy","volume":"58","author":"Price","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.2307\/1131513","article-title":"Developmental changes in infant cortisol and behavioral stress response to inoculation","volume":"65","author":"Ramsay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80196-4","article-title":"Multifactorial regulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis during development","volume":"16","author":"Rosenfield","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB78","first-page":"619","article-title":"Peer interactions, relationships, and groups","volume":"3","author":"Rubin","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB79","unstructured":"Schieche, M., Spangler, G., 2000. The moderating role of maternal sensitivity and attachment security for biobehavioral organization in infants and toddlers. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB80","first-page":"201","article-title":"Effect of prenatal stress on development: a nonhuman primate model","volume":"31","author":"Schneider","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199703)30:2<127::AID-DEV4>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children","volume":"30","author":"Schmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06173.x","article-title":"Assessing salivary cortisol in studies of child development","volume":"69","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB83","unstructured":"Sebanc, A.M., Tout, K., Donzella, B., Gunnar, M.R. 2001. Temperament, peer relationships, and stress system activity in preschoolers (in preparation)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-46-6-971","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of plasma aldosterone, corticosterone, deoxycosterone, progesterone 17-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol, and cortisone determined simultaneously in mother and child at birth and during the early neonatal period. I. Spontaneous delivery","volume":"46","author":"Sippell","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(91)90116-K","article-title":"The emergence of adrenocortical circadian function in newborns and infants and its relationship to sleep, feeding and maternal adrenocortical activity","volume":"25","author":"Spangler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Early Human Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.2307\/1131544","article-title":"Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants","volume":"64","author":"Spangler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/016502598384126","article-title":"Emotional and adrenocortical responses of infants to the strange situation: the differential function of emotional expression","volume":"22","author":"Spangler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB88","first-page":"41","article-title":"Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: the roots of maladaptation and competence","volume":"16","author":"Sroufe","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(93)90022-3","article-title":"Maternal regulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in the rat: the roles of feeding and stroking","volume":"75","author":"Suchecki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB90","unstructured":"Suomi, S.J., 1991. Early stress and adult emotional reactivity in rhesus monkeys. Paper presented at the Childhood Environment and Adult Disease: Ciba Foundation Symposium."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197705000-00003","article-title":"Urinary cortisol excretion rates and anxiety in normal 1-year-old infants","volume":"39","author":"Tennes","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.2307\/1132263","article-title":"Social behavior correlates of adrenocortical activity in daycare: gender differences and time-of-day effects","volume":"69","author":"Tout","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB93","unstructured":"Vazquez, D.M., Watson, S.J., Lopez, J.F., 2000. Failure to terminate stress responses in children with psychosocial dwarfism: a mechanism for growth failure. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton, England."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB94","unstructured":"Watamura, S.E., Sebanc, A.M., Gunnar, M.R., 2001. Naptime at childcare: Effects on salivary cortisol levels. Dev. Psychobio. In press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00045-2_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00196","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological responsivity, sleep and patterns of daily cortisol in infants with and without colic","volume":"71","author":"White","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Dev."}],"container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453001000452?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453001000452?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T02:33:30Z","timestamp":1578450810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306453001000452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306453001000452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0306-4530(01)00045-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}}}