{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T22:32:50Z","timestamp":1771021970029,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780081001608","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T15:29:21Z","timestamp":1472830161000},"page":"69-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Direct strength method\u2014a general approach for the design of cold-formed steel structures"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Camotim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.B.","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.D.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9045","series-title":"Brazilian Standard on Design of Cold-formed Steel Structures (NBR 14762:2010), Rio de Janeiro. (Portuguese)","author":"ABNT (Brazilian Standards Association)","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib2","series-title":"North American Specification (NAS) for the Design of Cold-formed Steel Structural Members (AISI-S100\u201304)+Respective Commentary","author":"AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9044","series-title":"North American Specification (NAS) for the Design of Cold-formed Steel Structural Members (AISI-S100\u201312) + Respective Commentary. Washington (DC)","author":"AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib5","series-title":"Cold-formed Steel Structures","author":"AS\/NZS (Standards of Australia and Standards of New Zealand)","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9043","series-title":"Cold-formed Steel Structures. AS\/NZS 4600, second ed., Sydney-Wellington","author":"AS\/NZS (Standards of Australia and Standards of New Zealand)","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40038-014-0001-3","article-title":"Review: development of performance-based fire design for cold-formed steel","volume":"3","author":"Abreu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fire Science Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.02.011","article-title":"The continuous strength method for structural stainless steel design","volume":"68(July)","author":"Afshan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2005.04.010","article-title":"Compression strength of stainless steel cross-sections","volume":"62","author":"Ashraf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Construction Steel Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000651","article-title":"Buckling, postbuckling, strength and DSM design of coldformed steel continuous lipped channel beams","volume":"139","author":"Basaglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9041","first-page":"322","article-title":"On the application of the direct strength method to cold-formed steel beams subjected to non-uniform bending","volume":"III","author":"Bebiano","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib10","series-title":"GBTul \u2013 Buckling and Vibration of Thin-walled Members","author":"Bebiano","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib11","series-title":"GBTul 2.0\u00a0\u2212 A Freeware Computer Code\u00a0for the Buckling and Vibration Analysis of Thin-walled Members","author":"Bebiano","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9036","series-title":"USB Proceedings of Structural Stability Research Council Annual Stability Conference (St. Louis, 16\u201320\/4)","first-page":"48","article-title":"The overall interaction concept: an alternative approach to the stability and resistance of steel sections and members","author":"Boissonnade","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/stco.201310021","article-title":"Buckling analysis of thin-walled structures using generalised beam theory (GBT): state-of-the-art report","volume":"6","author":"Camotim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Steel Construction"},{"issue":"August","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.11.013","article-title":"On the behaviour, failure and direct strength design of thinwalled steel structural systems","volume":"81","author":"Camotim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9039","series-title":"Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures \u2013 Part 1\u20131: General Rules. EN 1993-1-1:2005, Brussels, Belgium","author":"CEN (Comit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9en de Normalisation)","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib14","series-title":"Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures \u2212 Part 1\u20133: General Rules; Supplementary Rules for Cold-formed Members and Sheeting","author":"CEN (Comit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9en de Normalisation)","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib15","series-title":"Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures\u00a0\u2212 Part 1\u20135: Plated Structural Elements","author":"CEN (Comit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9en de Normalisation)","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib18","series-title":"Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures\u00a0\u2212 Part 1\u20132: General Rules; Structural Fire Design","author":"CEN (Comit\u00e9 Europ\u00e9en de Normalisation)","year":"2006"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2006.12.004","article-title":"Cold-formed steel lipped channel columns at elevated temperatures","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Engineering Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2014.09.012","article-title":"Cold-formed steel columns undergoing local-distortional coupling: behaviour and direct strength prediction against interactive failure","volume":"147(January)","author":"Dinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers & Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2014.10.013","article-title":"A\u00a0novel DSM-based approach for the rational design of fixed-ended and pin-ended short-to-intermediate thin-walled angle columns","volume":"87(February)","author":"Dinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.09.010","article-title":"Local-distortional interaction in cold-formed steel rack-section columns","volume":"81(August)","author":"Dinis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.09.016","article-title":"Strength, interactive failure and design of web-stiffened lipped channel columns exhibiting distortional buckling","volume":"81(August)","author":"Dinis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib25","first-page":"113","article-title":"Local\/distortional\/global mode coupling in fixed lipped channel columns: behaviour and strength","volume":"7","author":"Dinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advanced Steel Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib26","series-title":"Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing (CC 2015\u00a0\u2212 Prague, 1\u20134\/9)","article-title":"L-D-G interaction in CFS lipped channel columns\u00a0\u2212 part II: numerical simulations and design considerations","author":"Dinis","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2010.04.012","article-title":"On the local and global buckling behaviour of\u00a0angle, T-section and cruciform thin-walled columns and beams","volume":"48","author":"Dinis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2012.04.012","article-title":"Local-distortional-global interaction in lipped channel columns: experimental results, numerical simulations and design considerations","volume":"61(December)","author":"Dinis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2011.12.007","article-title":"On the mechanics of angle column instability","volume":"52(March)","author":"Dinis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s13296-013-3003-4","article-title":"A\u00a0new slenderness-based approach for the web crippling design of plain channel steel beams","volume":"13","author":"Duarte","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Steel Structures"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2007.08.030","article-title":"Elastic buckling analysis of perforated thin-walled structures by the isoparametric spline finite strip method","volume":"46","author":"Eccher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2012.01.003","article-title":"LRFD resistance factor for cold-formed steel compression members","volume":"72","author":"Ganesan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1680\/stbu.2008.161.3.127","article-title":"The continuous strength method","volume":"161","author":"Gardner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1680\/stbu.12.00075","article-title":"The continuous strength method for steel and composite design","volume":"166","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Structures and Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2015.01.018","article-title":"Web crippling tests of cold-formed steel channels under two flange load cases","volume":"110(July)","author":"Gunalan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-974X(94)90009-4","article-title":"Strength design curves for thin-walled sections undergoing distortional buckling","volume":"31","author":"Hancock","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Construction Steel Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.05.004","article-title":"Shear buckling of channel sections with simply supported ends using the semi-analytical finite strip method","volume":"71(October)","author":"Hancock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9034","series-title":"Structural Behaviour of Beam Webs Subjected to Web Crippling and a Combination of Web Crippling and Bending","author":"Hetrakul","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib39","series-title":"Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Thin-walled Structures\u00a0\u2212 Recent Innovations and Developments (ICTWS'08\u00a0\u2212 Brisbane, 18\u201320\/6)","first-page":"745","article-title":"Local buckling tests of cold-formed steel compression members at elevated temperatures","author":"Heva","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/stco.201510027","article-title":"Bearing capacity of cold-formed unlipped channels with restrained flanges under EOF and IOF load cases","volume":"8","author":"Janarthanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Steel Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2012.05.009","article-title":"Behaviour and design of cold-formed steel beams subject to lateral-torsional buckling at elevated temperatures","volume":"61(December)","author":"Kankanamge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2014.08.011","article-title":"Experimental study of web crippling behaviour of hollow flange channel beams under two flange load cases","volume":"85(December)","author":"Keerthan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:7(1786)","article-title":"Tests of cold-formed channels with local and distortional buckling","volume":"118","author":"Kwon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2008.07.005","article-title":"Compression tests of high strength cold-formed steel channels with buckling interaction","volume":"65","author":"Kwon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9030","series-title":"Structural Behaviour of Beam Webs Subjected Primarily to Shear","author":"LaBoube","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9031","series-title":"Structural Behaviour of Beam Webs Subjected to a Combination of Bending and Shear","author":"LaBoube","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.01.016","article-title":"On the direct strength method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel columns against distortional failure","volume":"67(June)","author":"Landesmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib47","first-page":"75","article-title":"Distortional failure and DSM design of cold-formed steel lipped channel beam under elevated temperatures","volume":"98A(January)","author":"Landesmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2014.09.021","article-title":"DSM to predict distortional failures in cold-formed steel columns exposed to fire: effect of the constitutive law temperature-dependence","volume":"147(15 January)","author":"Landesmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers & Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.09.004","article-title":"Review: constrained finite strip method developments and applications in cold-formed steel design","volume":"81(August)","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib51","first-page":"12","article-title":"Numerical investigation of cold-formed steel purlins in fire","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Mechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib59","series-title":"CD-ROM Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures (ICASS'2015\u00a0\u2212 Lisboa, 21\u201324\/7)","article-title":"Local-distortional interaction in pin-ended lipped channel beams: behaviour, strength and DSM design","author":"Martins","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2015.08.003","article-title":"On the relevance of local-distortional interaction effects in the behaviour and design of cold-formed steel columns","volume":"160(November)","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers & Structures"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2015.11.021","article-title":"On the influence of localdistortional interaction in the behavior and design of web-stiffened lipped channel columns","volume":"101","author":"Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib62","series-title":"CD-ROM Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures (ICASS'2015\u00a0\u2212 Lisboa, 21\u201324\/7)","article-title":"Influence of local-distortional interaction in the behaviour and DSM design of stiffened lipped channel columns","author":"Martins","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.06.021","article-title":"Mode interaction and imperfection-sensitivity in thin-walled equal-leg angle columns","volume":"81(August)","author":"Mesacasa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2008.01.021","article-title":"Experiments on cold-formed steel columns with holes","volume":"46","author":"Moen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib52","series-title":"Direct Strength Design of Cold-formed Steel Members with Perforations, Research Report","author":"Moen","year":"2009"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2009.05.001","article-title":"Elastic buckling of thin plates with holes in compression or bending","volume":"47","author":"Moen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2009.07.007","article-title":"Elastic buckling of cold-formed steel columns and beams with holes","volume":"31","author":"Moen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Engineering Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9028","series-title":"Proceedings of 20th International Specialty Conference on Cold-formed Steel Structures (St. Louis, 3\u20134\/11)","first-page":"171","article-title":"Extending direct strength design to cold-formed steel beams with holes","author":"Moen","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000310","article-title":"Direct strength method for design of cold-formed steel columns with holes","volume":"137","author":"Moen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000652","article-title":"Experiments on cold-formed steel C-section joists with unstiffened web holes","volume":"139","author":"Moen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2010.04.013","article-title":"Strength of cold-formed lipped channel beams under interaction of local, distortional and lateral torsional buckling","volume":"48","author":"Nandini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib65","series-title":"Localized Failure of Thin-walled Steel Members Subjected to Concentrated Loads: Analysis, Behaviour and Design","author":"Nat\u00e1rio","year":"2015"},{"issue":"December","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2012.05.014","article-title":"Localized web buckling analysis of beams subjected to concentrated loads using GBT","volume":"61","author":"Nat\u00e1rio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2015.09.012","article-title":"Direct strength prediction of web crippling failure of beams under ETF loading","author":"Nat\u00e1rio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib68","series-title":"GBTWEB\u00a0\u2212 GBT-based Code for Web Buckling Analysis of Members under Localised Loads,","author":"Nat\u00e1rio","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.09.002","article-title":"Direct strength method of design for shear including sections with longitudinal web stiffeners","volume":"81(August)","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:3(229)","article-title":"Direct strength design of cold-formed purlins","volume":"135","author":"Pham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000510","article-title":"Direct strength design of cold-formed C-sections for shear and combined actions","volume":"138","author":"Pham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2011.12.001","article-title":"Tension field action for cold-formed sections in shear","volume":"72(May)","author":"Pham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2012.05.004","article-title":"Elastic buckling of cold-formed channel sections in shear","volume":"61(December)","author":"Pham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"August","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2013.09.002","article-title":"Direct strength method of design for shear including sections with longitudinal web stiffeners","volume":"81","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2008.09.002","article-title":"Distortional buckling tests of cold-formed steel compression members at elevated temperatures","volume":"65","author":"Ranawaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:2(204)","article-title":"Design of slender angle section beam-columns by the direct strength method","volume":"132","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000147","article-title":"Combined distortional and overall flexural-torsional buckling of cold-formed stainless steel sections: design","volume":"136","author":"Rossi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2012.02.004","article-title":"Experimental investigation concerning lipped channel columns undergoing local-distortional-global buckling mode interaction","volume":"54","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/stco.201410034","article-title":"Cold-formed steel columns under L-D-G interaction: experimental investigation","volume":"7","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steel Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9021","series-title":"Proceedings of 22nd International Specialty Conference on Cold-formed Steel Structures (St. Louis, 5\u20136\/11)","first-page":"193","article-title":"Cold-formed steel lipped channel columns undergoing local distortional-global interaction: experimental and numerical investigation","author":"Santos","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib77","series-title":"Direct Strength Method Design Guide","author":"Schafer","year":"2006"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2008.01.022","article-title":"Review: the direct strength method of cold-formed steel member design","volume":"64","author":"Schafer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib79","series-title":"Proceedings of 14th International Specialty Conference on Cold-formed Steel Structures (St. Louis, 15\u201316\/10)","first-page":"69","article-title":"Direct strength prediction of cold-formed steel members using numerical elastic buckling solutions","author":"Schafer","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib80","series-title":"Thin-walled Structures: Research and Development (ICTWS'98\u00a0\u2212 Singapore, 2\u20134\/12)","first-page":"137","article-title":"Direct strength prediction of cold-formed steel members using numerical elastic buckling solutions","author":"Schafer","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:3(289)","article-title":"Local, distortional and Euler buckling in thin-walled columns","volume":"128","author":"Schafer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib82","series-title":"Proceedings of 16th International Specialty Conference on Cold-formed Steel Structures (Orlando, 16\u201318\/10)","first-page":"647","article-title":"Progress on the direct strength method","author":"Schafer","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:2(212)","article-title":"Complex edge stiffeners for thin-walled members","volume":"132","author":"Schafer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9010","series-title":"CUFSM \u2013 Elastic Buckling Analysis of Thin-walled Members with General End Boundary Conditions","author":"Schafer","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:2(118)","article-title":"Laterally braced cold-formed steel flexural members with edge stiffened flanges","volume":"125","author":"Schafer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000469","article-title":"Inelastic bending capacity of cold-formed steel members","volume":"138","author":"Shifferaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2011.07.001","article-title":"Calculating the global buckling resistance of thin-walled steel members with uniform and non-uniform elevated temperatures under axial compression","volume":"49","author":"Shahbazian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2011.08.005","article-title":"Application of the direct strength method to local buckling resistance of thin-walled steel members with non-uniform elevated temperatures under axial compression","volume":"49","author":"Shahbazian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2012.01.006","article-title":"Direct strength method for calculating distortional buckling capacity of cold-formed thin-walled steel columns with uniform and non-uniform elevated temperatures","volume":"53","author":"Shahbazian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9016","first-page":"49","article-title":"Direct strength prediction of lipped channel columns experiencing local-plate\/distortional interaction","volume":"5","author":"Silvestre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Advanced Steel Construction"},{"issue":"June","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2012.01.005","article-title":"Post-buckling behaviour and direct strength design of lipped channel columns experiencing local-distortional interaction","volume":"73","author":"Silvestre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000670","article-title":"Developments on the design of cold-formed steel angles","volume":"139","author":"Silvestre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib84","series-title":"Abaqus Standard (Version 6.14)","author":"Simulia Inc.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"June","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2014.02.009","article-title":"Finite strip elastic buckling solutions for thin-walled metal columns with perforation patterns","volume":"79","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2005.08.005","article-title":"Application of direct strength method to axially loaded perforated cold-formed steel studs: longwave buckling","volume":"43","author":"Sputo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib85","series-title":"Ansys Reference Manual (Version 16.2)","author":"Swanson Analysis Systems Inc.","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib101","series-title":"Direct Strength Prediction of Cold-formed Steel Beam-columns","author":"Torabian","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib102","series-title":"USB Key Drive Proceedings of Structural Stability Research Council Annual Stability Conference (Toronto, 25\u201328\/3)","first-page":"366","article-title":"Experimental study and modeling of cold-formed steel lipped channel stub beam-columns","author":"Torabian","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib103","series-title":"Proceedings of 22nd International Specialty Conference on Cold-formed Steel Structures (St. Louis, 5\u20136\/11)","first-page":"359","article-title":"Development of a new beam-column design method for cold-formed steel lipped channel members","author":"Torabian","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2014.12.003","article-title":"Experimental response of cold-formed steel lipped channel beam-columns","volume":"89(April)","author":"Torabian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib105","series-title":"Website Proceedings of Structural Stability Research Council Annual Stability Conference (Nashville, 24\u201327\/3)","article-title":"Experiments on cold-formed steel zee-shaped stub beam-columns","author":"Torabian","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2005.08.004","article-title":"Application of direct strength method to axially loaded perforated cold-formed steel studs: distortional and local buckliang","volume":"43","author":"Tovar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib106","series-title":"Crushing Strength of Thin Steel Webs","author":"Winter","year":"1946"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:12(1954)","article-title":"Compression tests of high strength steel channel columns with interaction between local and distortional buckling","volume":"130","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9002","series-title":"Nonlinear Analysis and Design of Perforated Thin-walled Steel Columns","author":"Yao","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000271","article-title":"Experimental study of high strength cold-formed stiffened-web C-sections in compression","volume":"137","author":"Yap","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:12(1931)","article-title":"Tests and design of fixed-ended cold-formed steel plain angle columns","volume":"130","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:11(1756)","article-title":"Design of cold-formed steel channel columns with complex edge stiffeners by direct strength method","volume":"130","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000694","article-title":"Cold-formed steel lipped channel columns influenced by local distortional interaction: strength and DSM design","volume":"139","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib9006","series-title":"Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing (CC 2015 \u2013 Prague, 1\u20134\/9) paper 35. full paper in USB Key Drive Proceedings","article-title":"L-D-G interaction in CFS lipped channel columns \u2013 part I: experimental investigation","author":"Young","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1596)","article-title":"Local buckling tests on cold-formed steel beams","volume":"129","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:4(515)","article-title":"Distortional buckling tests on cold-formed steel beams","volume":"132","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Engineering (ASCE)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcsr.2006.07.008","article-title":"Simulation of cold-formed steel beams in local and distortional buckling with applications to the direct strength method","volume":"63","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Constructional Steel Research"}],"container-title":["Recent Trends in Cold-Formed Steel Construction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780081001608000049?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780081001608000049?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T04:40:33Z","timestamp":1540874433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780081001608000049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"ISBN":["9780081001608"],"references-count":117,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-08-100160-8.00004-9","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}