{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T05:38:45Z","timestamp":1775194725185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780081021811","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T20:24:42Z","timestamp":1520454282000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Introduction"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pacheco-Torgal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2016.06.009","article-title":"Climate change adaptation planning in large cities: a systematic assessment","volume":"66","author":"Araos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib2","unstructured":"Bartuli, C., Cigna, R., Fumei, O., Valente, T., 2010. Critical examination of European Standard EN 1504 for products and systems for concrete protection and repair. In: 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, pp. 341\u2013348."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strusafe.2014.10.005","article-title":"Damage risks and economic assessment of climate adaptation strategies for design of new concrete structures subject to chloride-induced corrosion","volume":"52","author":"Bastidas-Arteaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Struct. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2013.01.006","article-title":"Influence of global warming on durability of corroding RC structures: a probabilistic approach","volume":"51","author":"Bastidas-Arteaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3063","article-title":"El Ni\u00f1o and a record CO2 rise","volume":"6","author":"Betts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.01.010","article-title":"Modeling of concrete cracking due to corrosion process of reinforcement bars","volume":"71","author":"Bossio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2015.00003","article-title":"The bridges of the future or the future of bridges","author":"Casas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ"},{"issue":"Part B","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib8","first-page":"327","article-title":"Editorial: is sustainable development an oxymoron?","volume":"79","author":"Clayton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(01)00037-3","article-title":"Cases studies of concrete deterioration in a marine environment in Portugal","volume":"24","author":"Costa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib10","unstructured":"Davalos, J.F., 2012. Advanced materials for civil infrastructure rehabilitation and protection. Seminar at The City College of New York, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib11","series-title":"Failure, Distress and Repair of Concrete Structure","article-title":"Introduction","author":"Delatte","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/0370-44672014690092","article-title":"Surface treatment systems for concrete in marine environment: effect of concrete cover thickness","volume":"69","author":"de Medeiros","year":"2016","journal-title":"REM Int. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbrcj.2012.08.006","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of the common defects in the execution of reinforced concrete beams under flexural loading","volume":"8","author":"Elrakib","year":"2012","journal-title":"HBRC J."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib44","series-title":"Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures. Definitions, Requirements, Quality Control and Evaluation of Conformity","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2012.07.001","article-title":"Adaptive planning for climate resilient long-lived infrastructures","volume":"23","author":"Giordano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.09.015","article-title":"Durability of concrete. Degradation phenomena involving detrimental chemical reactions","volume":"38","author":"Glasser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/3\/034009","article-title":"Regional climate change and national responsibilities","volume":"11","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81648","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081648","article-title":"Assessing \u201cdangerous climate change\u201d: required reduction of carbon emissions to protect young people, future generations and nature","volume":"8","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-3761-2016","article-title":"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2\u00b0C global warming could be dangerous","volume":"16","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-8-577-2017","article-title":"Young people\u2019s burden: requirement of negative CO2 emissions","author":"Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib20","series-title":"Service Life Estimation and Extension of Civil Engineering Structures","article-title":"Key issues in the use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in the rehabilitation and retrofitting of concrete structure","author":"Hollaway","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.04.031","article-title":"Past performance and future needs for low carbon climate resilient infrastructure \u2013 an investment perspective","volume":"59","author":"Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2160","article-title":"Low-carbon infrastructure strategies for cities","volume":"4","author":"Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib25","first-page":"267","article-title":"Basis for the statistical evaluation of measured cover depths in reinforced concrete structures","volume":"vol. 18","author":"Monteiro","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.11.004","article-title":"Life cycle, sustainability and the transcendent quality of building materials","volume":"42","author":"Mora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib27","unstructured":"Navigant Research, 2014. Transportation forecast: light duty vehicles. <http:\/\/www.navigantresearch.com\/research\/transportation-forecast-light-duty-vehicles>."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.058","article-title":"Eco-efficient construction and building materials research under the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020","volume":"51","author":"Pacheco-Torgal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib29","series-title":"Toxicity of Building Materials","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib30","series-title":"Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Eco-labelling and Case Studies","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.057","article-title":"Performance investigations of reinforced magnesium phosphate concrete beams under accelerated corrosion conditions by multi techniques","volume":"93","author":"Pei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.011","article-title":"Nondestructive test methods for concrete bridges: a review","volume":"107","author":"Rehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib33","unstructured":"Report, 2012. A new economic analysis of infrastructure investment. Prepared by the department of the Treasury with the council of economic advisers. <http:\/\/www.treasury.gov\/resource-center\/economic-policy\/Documents\/20120323InfrastructureReport.pdf>."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03180-140232","article-title":"Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity","volume":"14","author":"Rockstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2014.07.007","article-title":"Urban scale mapping of concrete degradation from projected climate change","volume":"9","author":"Saha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.03.005","article-title":"Addressing infrastructure durability and sustainability by self healing mechanisms-Recent advances in self healing concrete and asphalt","volume":"54","author":"Schlangen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib38","series-title":"Changing Course: A Global Perspective on Development and the Environment","author":"Schmidheiny","year":"1992"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211658109","article-title":"Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools","volume":"109","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2011.01.010","article-title":"Climate change impact and risks of concrete infrastructure deterioration","volume":"33","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.026","article-title":"Carbonation in concrete infrastructure in the context of global climate change: development of a service lifespan model","volume":"40","author":"Talukdar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib41","series-title":"Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on the Deterioration of Concrete Infrastructure \u2013 Part 2: Modelling and Simulation of Deterioration and Adaptation Options","author":"Wang","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib42","unstructured":"WHO, 2014. Urban population growth. Global Health Observatory. <http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/urban_health\/situation_trends\/urban_population_growth_text\/en\/>."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998312454691","article-title":"Behavior and analytical modeling of natural flax fibre reinforced polymer tube confined plain concrete and coir fibre reinforced concrete","volume":"47","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."}],"container-title":["Eco-Efficient Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete Infrastructures"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780081021811000010?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780081021811000010?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T14:57:28Z","timestamp":1535036248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780081021811000010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"ISBN":["9780081021811"],"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-08-102181-1.00001-0","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}