{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T18:54:55Z","timestamp":1776711295239,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780124160422","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,21]],"date-time":"2012-04-21T06:03:10Z","timestamp":1334988190000},"page":"xxxv-xc","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Introduction: Mediterranean Climate\u2014Background Information"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Piero","family":"Lionello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Congedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Dulac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miro","family":"Gacic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dami\u00e0","family":"Gomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Goodess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Haim","family":"Kutiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Luterbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Planton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Reale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Vittoria Struglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Toreti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Tsimplis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Ulbrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Xoplaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib1","series-title":"Reconstruction Ocean History\u2014A Window into the Future","author":"Abrantes","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5468.1042","article-title":"Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot","volume":"288","author":"Ackerman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.245.4923.1227","article-title":"Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness","volume":"245","author":"Albrecht","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D05109","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006290","article-title":"Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation","volume":"111","author":"Alexander","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18495","DOI":"10.1029\/JD094iD15p18495","article-title":"The Sharav cyclone, observations and some theoretical considerations","volume":"94","author":"Alpert","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1803.1","article-title":"Does air pollution really suppress precipitation in Israel?","volume":"47","author":"Alpert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib8","first-page":"149","article-title":"Chapter 2. Relations between climate variability in the Mediterranean region and the tropics: ENSO, south Asian and African monsoons, hurricanes and Saharan dust","volume":"4","author":"Alpert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib7","unstructured":"Alpert, P., Ilani, R., da-Silva, A., Rudack, A., Mandel, M., 2006b. Seasonal prediction for Israel winter precipitation based on northern Hemispheric EOF, MERCHAVIM special issue in honour of Prof. Arie Bitan, 397\u2013412."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C10058","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JC006147","article-title":"Surface circulation of the eastern Mediterranean Levantine basin: insights from analyzing 14 years of satellite altimetry data","volume":"115","author":"Amitai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D12214","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006795","article-title":"Recent increase of Saharan dust transport over the Mediterranean Sea, as revealed from ocean color satellite (SeaWiFS) observations","volume":"111","author":"Antoine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2009.01.012","article-title":"Variation of dry days since last rain (DDSLR) as a measure of dryness along a climatic transect","volume":"73","author":"Aviad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2367-2004","article-title":"Aerosol seasonal variability over the Mediterranean region and relative impact of maritime, continental and Saharan dust particles over the basin from MODIS data in the year 2001","volume":"4","author":"Barnaba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-008-0082-9","article-title":"Analyzing the genesis, intensity, and tracks of western Mediterranean cyclones","volume":"96","author":"Bartholy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.1.0001","article-title":"Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration","volume":"42","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1996)026<1354:BROTAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Baroclinic response of the Adriatic Sea to an episode of Bora wind","volume":"26","author":"Bergamasco","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib17","first-page":"227","article-title":"Present transport and deposition patterns of African dust to the North-Western Mediterranean","author":"Bergametti","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6995-2008","article-title":"Monthly-averaged anthropogenic aerosol direct radiative forcing over the Mediterranean based on AERONET aerosol properties","volume":"8","author":"Bergamo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(81)90029-3","article-title":"Le phosphore et l\u2019azote en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, bilans et fertilit\u00e9 potentielle","volume":"10","author":"B\u00e9thoux","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15108","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039261","article-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Transient and reversal of the Ionian Sea circulation","volume":"36","author":"Borzelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090372","article-title":"Climate in medieval time","volume":"302","author":"Bradley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066434","article-title":"Aerosol effect on cloud droplet size monitored from satellite","volume":"295","author":"Br\u00e9on","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.017","article-title":"An evaluation of satellite aerosol products against sunphotometer measurements","volume":"115","author":"Br\u00e9on","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib24","first-page":"289","article-title":"Limiting processes that determine basic features of the circulation in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"7","author":"Bryden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib25","first-page":"171","article-title":"Cyclogenesis on the lee of Alps: a case study","volume":"104","author":"Buzzi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Q-Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib26","unstructured":"Buzzi, A., Richard, E., Romero, R., 2005. Summary report on MEDEX studies and scientific results on Mediterranean cyclones causing high impact weather. MEDEX Project. <http:\/\/medex.aemet.uib.es\/index.html>."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib27","series-title":"Large Marine Ecosystems: Stress, Mitigation, and Sustainability","isbn-type":"print","first-page":"137","article-title":"Contrast between recent fishery trends and evidence from nutrient enrichment in two large marine ecosystems: the Mediterranean and the Black Seas","author":"Caddy","year":"1993","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/087168506X"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2008.12.015","article-title":"Reconstruction of Mediterranean Sea level fields for the period 1945\u20132000","volume":"66","author":"Calafat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0193:RHRFSD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Radiative heating rates for Saharan dust","volume":"37","author":"Carlson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2008.11.014","article-title":"The historical origins of aridity and vegetation degradation in southeastern Spain","volume":"74","author":"Carrion","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2004.05155.x","article-title":"Detection and correction of artificial shifts in climate series","volume":"53","author":"Caussinus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Stat. J. Roy. St. C"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v56i2.14398","article-title":"Accuracy of modelled wind and waves fields in enclosed seas","volume":"56","author":"Cavaleri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1126\/science.255.5043.423","article-title":"Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols","volume":"255","author":"Charlson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib68","series-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","article-title":"Regional climate projections","author":"Christensen","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chronis, T., Papadopoulos, V., Nikolopoulos, E. I., 2010. QuickSCAT observations of extreme wind events over the Mediterranean and Black Seas during 2000\u20132008. Int. J. Climatol. doi: 10.1002\/joc.2213.","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2213"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D24207","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006356","article-title":"Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satellite and ground-based observations","volume":"110","author":"Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2007.01240.x","article-title":"Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation and fire regime at Lago di Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy)","volume":"95","author":"Colombaroli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017410","article-title":"African dust aerosols as atmospheric ice nuclei","volume":"30","author":"DeMott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2006.02.029","article-title":"A point hailfall classification based on hailpad measurements: the ANELFA scale","volume":"83","author":"Dessens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712152807","article-title":"Winds in the Strait of Gibraltar","volume":"121","author":"Dorman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc."},{"issue":"HS","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib178","first-page":"1","article-title":"Le climat du Sahara. Tome I: Les temp\u00e9ratures","volume":"I","author":"Dubief","year":"1959","journal-title":"M\u00e9m. Inst. Rech. Sah. (Alger)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib41","first-page":"179","article-title":"Nutrient sources and primary production in the eastern Mediterranean","volume":"9","author":"Dugdale","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.973","article-title":"Circulation dynamics of Mediterranean precipitation variability 1948\u201398","volume":"23","author":"D\u00fcnkeloh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-11-2199-2011","article-title":"Trends in Mediterranean gridded temperature extremes and large-scale circulation influences","volume":"11","author":"Efthymiadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib44","first-page":"8059","article-title":"Long-term drought severity variations in Morocco","volume":"108","author":"Esper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib45","first-page":"55","article-title":"Primary production in the northwestern Mediterranean","volume":"60","author":"Estrada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib47","unstructured":"Fernandez, S., ENGREF, 2007. L\u2019eau virtuelle dans les pays m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens: un indicateur pour contribuer \u00e0 l\u2019analyse des questions de gestion et de r\u00e9partition de l\u2019eau en situationde p\u00e9nurie. Rapport d\u2019\u00e9tude r\u00e9gionale du Plan Bleu. www.planbleu.org\/publications\/eau_virtuelle_FR.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib48","series-title":"Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the south Atlantic","author":"Fischer","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib49","first-page":"85","article-title":"Upwelling patterns off Portugal","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Fiuza","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3406\/medit.1988.2580","article-title":"Frontal depressions over the Mediterranean Sea and Central Southern Europe","volume":"4","author":"Flocas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mediterranee"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib51","first-page":"4451","article-title":"STAAARTE-MED 1998 summer airborne measurements over the Aegean Sea 2. Aerosol scattering and absorption, and radiative calculations","volume":"107","author":"Formenti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L14711","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029977","article-title":"Tropical cyclones over the Mediterranean Sea in climate change simulations","volume":"34","author":"Gaertner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C10005","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003992","article-title":"Recent observations of seasonal variability of the Mediterranean outflow in the Strait of Gibraltar","volume":"112","author":"Garc\u00eda-Lafuente","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13804","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL043712","article-title":"On the origin of continental precipitation","volume":"37","author":"Gimeno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L08707","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL025734","article-title":"Climate change hot-spots","volume":"33","author":"Giorgi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005","article-title":"Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region","volume":"63","author":"Giorgi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-27-3509-2009","article-title":"Aerosol events in the broader Mediterranean basin based on 7-year (2000\u20132007) MODIS C005 data","volume":"27","author":"Gkikas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annal. Geophys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s101150200011","article-title":"A meteorological fuzzy expert system incorporating subjective user input","volume":"4","author":"Hadjimichael","year":"2002","journal-title":"Knowl. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20119","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010201","article-title":"A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950\u20132006","volume":"113","author":"Haylock","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib61","series-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, chap. Understanding and Attributing Climate Change","author":"Hegerl","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1996)026<0065:ASSOTG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A sensitivity study of the general circulation of the western Mediterranean. Part I. The response to density forcing through the straits","volume":"26","author":"Herbaut","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib63","series-title":"Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography. Developments in Marine Geology","author":"Hillaire-Marcel","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET-A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-7-445-2007","article-title":"Towards a systematic climatology of sensitivities of Mediterranean high impact weather: a contribution based on intense cyclones","volume":"7","author":"Homar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.22498\/pages.18.2.87","article-title":"Emerging techniques and concepts offer ways to improve the use of process knowledge in reconstructions of past climate, and to make more comprehensive estimates of the uncertainties associated with them","volume":"18","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"PAGES News"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib67","unstructured":"IAASTD, 2008. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, Central and West Asia and North Africa, Summary for Decision Makers. <http:\/\/www.agassessment.org\/docs\/IAASTD_EXEC_SUMMARY_JAN_2008.pdf>"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1923.37.6_211","article-title":"The nature and the origin of ice nuclei in the atmosphere","volume":"37","author":"Isono","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.03.61","article-title":"The semi-direct aerosol effect: impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus","volume":"130","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141038","article-title":"Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years","volume":"317","author":"Jouzel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.944","article-title":"Decadal changes in the link El Ni\u00f1o, NAO and European\/north African rainfall","volume":"23","author":"Knippertz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib74","first-page":"593","article-title":"Versuch einer klassifikation der klimate, vorzugsweise nach ihren beziehungen zur pflanzenwelt","volume":"6","author":"K\u00f6ppen","year":"1900","journal-title":"Geogr. Z."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-21-251-2003","article-title":"High resolution simulations on the north Aegean Sea seasonal circulation","volume":"21","author":"Kourafalou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annal. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L04802","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041841","article-title":"Heat wave changes in the eastern Mediterranean since 1960","volume":"37","author":"Kuglitsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib76","series-title":"The Mediterranean Sea","first-page":"26","article-title":"Charact\u00e9res hydrologiques et circulation des eaux en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e","author":"Lacombe","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib77","unstructured":"Lascaratos, A., 1992. Hydrology of the Aegean Sea. In: Charnock, H. (Ed.), Winds and Currents of the Mediterranean Basin, Reports in Meteorology and Oceanography, vol. 40(1), Harvard University, Cambridge, pp. 313\u2013334."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075457","article-title":"Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean","volume":"298","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000116","article-title":"Aerosol direct radiative impact over the INDOEX area based on passive and active remote sensing","volume":"107","author":"L\u00e9on","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<1673:SAIEAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sulfate aerosol indirect effect and CO2 greenhouse forcing: equilibrium response of the LMD GCM and associated cloud feedbacks","volume":"11","author":"Le Treut","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1996)035<1511:TEODPC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effects of desert particles coated with sulphate on rain formation in the eastern Mediterranean","volume":"35","author":"Levin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20202","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD005810","article-title":"On the interactions of mineral dust, sea-salt particles, and clouds: a measurement and modeling study from the Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment campaign","volume":"110","author":"Levin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L07608","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL037155","article-title":"Global ocean heat content 1955\u20132008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems","volume":"36","author":"Levitus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib181","series-title":"Venice and its Lagoon, State of Knowledge","first-page":"59","article-title":"Extreme surges in the Gulf of Venice. Present and future climate","author":"Lionello","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-005-0025-4","article-title":"Mediterranean wave climate variability and its links with NAO and Indian monsoon","volume":"25","author":"Lionello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-17-13-2008","article-title":"Links of the significant wave height distribution in the Mediterranean Sea with the north hemisphere teleconnection patterns","volume":"17","author":"Lionello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3354\/cr022147","article-title":"Cyclones in the Mediterranean region: the present and the doubled CO2 climate scenarios","volume":"22","author":"Lionello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib87","article-title":"Future changes in cyclone climatology over Europe as inferred from a regional climate simulation","author":"Lionello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib88","article-title":"Extreme storm surge and wind wave climate scenario simulations at the Venetian littoral","author":"Lionello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2008.03.004","article-title":"The Mediterranean surface wave climate inferred from future scenario simulations","author":"Lionello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change."},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib90","article-title":"Cyclones in the Mediterranean region: climatology and effects on the environment","volume":"4","author":"Lionello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib91","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Mediterranean climate: an overview of the main characteristics and issues","volume":"4","author":"Lionello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib92","first-page":"81","article-title":"Analysis of the meteorological synoptic situations that affect the Straits of Gibraltar and their influence on the surface wind","volume":"15","author":"Losada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2009.02.001","article-title":"River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades?","volume":"80","author":"Ludwig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progr. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib94","series-title":"The Mediterranean Climate: An Overview of the Main Characteristics and Issues","first-page":"27","article-title":"Mediterranean climate variability over the last centuries: a review","author":"Luterbacher","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00002-1","article-title":"A review of 2000 years of paleoclimatic evidence in the Mediterranean","author":"Luterbacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Climate of the Mediterranean Region"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3406\/medit.1980.1955","article-title":"Le probleme des Etesiens","volume":"40","author":"Maheras","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mediterranee"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib97","first-page":"335","article-title":"The wind and thermally-driven circulation of the eastern Mediterranean. Part I","volume":"12","author":"Malanotte-Rizzoli","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177303","article-title":"Global signatures and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate anomaly","volume":"326","author":"Mann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C12028","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JC004820","article-title":"Comparison of results of AOGCMs in the Mediterranean Sea during the 21st century","volume":"113","author":"Marcos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib100","first-page":"491","article-title":"Fitoplancton y producci\u00f3n primaria de la costa catalana, de julio de 1966 a julio de 1967","volume":"31","author":"Margalef","year":"1967","journal-title":"Inv. Pesq."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014248","article-title":"Euro-Mediterranean rainfall and ENSO\u2014a seasonally varying relationship","volume":"29","author":"Mariotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<1674:THCITM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean region and implications for the water budget of the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"15","author":"Mariotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015767","article-title":"Absorbing Mediterranean aerosols lead to a large reduction in the solar radiation at the surface","volume":"29","author":"Markowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49708436104","article-title":"Ice-nucleating properties of some natural mineral dusts","volume":"84","author":"Mason","year":"1958","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib105","first-page":"179","article-title":"Primary production and marine fisheries associated with the Nile outflow","volume":"3","author":"McCall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib106","unstructured":"McGranahan, G., Balk, D., Anderson, B., 2007. Climate change and the risk of settlement in the low elevation coastal zone. IHDP update 2007:12\u201314; World Bank, 1999. World Development Report. Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib107","unstructured":"MEDAR Group, 2002. Mediterranean and Black Sea Database of Temperature, Salinity and Biochemical Parameters and Climatological Atlas [CD-ROM]. Institut Fran\u00e7ais de Recherche pour l\u2019Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzane, France. <http:\/\/www.ifremer.fr\/sismer\/program\/medar\/>."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-715-2006","article-title":"Aerosol optical properties at Lampedusa (Central Mediterranean). Determination of single scattering albedo at two wavelengths for different aerosol types","volume":"6","author":"Meloni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib109","first-page":"4317","article-title":"Tropospheric aerosols in the Mediterranean: 2. Radiative effects through model simulations and measurements","volume":"108","author":"Meloni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(98)00078-5","article-title":"Circulation in the western Mediterranean Sea","volume":"20","author":"Millot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2004.03.002","article-title":"Additional evidence of LIW entrainment across the Algerian Basin by mesoscale eddies and not by a permanent westward-flowing vein","volume":"66","author":"Millot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Progr. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib112","first-page":"647","article-title":"\u00c0 propos d\u2019une remont\u00e9e d\u2019eaux \u201cprofondes\u201d dans les parages du golfe de Marseille (Octobre 1964). Cons\u00e9quences biologiques","volume":"20","author":"Minas","year":"1968","journal-title":"Cah. Oc\u00e9anogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/42679","article-title":"Control of atmospheric export of dust from north Africa by the north Atlantic oscillation","volume":"387","author":"Moulin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13137","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00171","article-title":"Satellite climatology of African dust transport in the Mediterranean atmosphere","volume":"103","author":"Moulin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<0829:RTCSTC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Representing twentieth century space-time climate variability. Part 1: development of a 1961\u201390 mean monthly terrestrial climatology","volume":"12","author":"New","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<2217:RTCSTC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Representing twentieth century space time climate fields. Part II: development of a 1901\u20131996 mean monthly terrestrial climatology","volume":"13","author":"New","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib180","series-title":"Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","first-page":"315","article-title":"Coastal systems and low-lying areas","author":"Nicholls","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/1087-3562(1998)002<0001:DOTRIP>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Design of total runoff integrating pathways (TRIP)\u2014a global river channel network","volume":"2","author":"Oki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Earth Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D21202","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD005986","article-title":"Forest fire aerosol over the Mediterranean basin during summer 2003","volume":"110","author":"Pace","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(01)00029-2","article-title":"A case study of bora-driven flow and density changes on the Adriatic shelf (January 1987)","volume":"21","author":"Paklar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11205","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009189","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability in aerosol properties over the Mediterranean basin based on 6-year (2000\u20132006) MODIS data","volume":"113","author":"Papadimas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2987-2009","article-title":"Assessment of the MODIS Collections C005 and C004 aerosol optical depth products over the Mediterranean basin","volume":"9","author":"Papadimas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1560\/J8DJ-7VJC-CTD1-ME3H","article-title":"Rainfall regime uncertainty (RRU) in an eastern Mediterranean region. A methodological approach","volume":"52","author":"Paz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Israel J. Earth Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-0645(93)90071-T","article-title":"Baroclinic wind adjustment processes in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"40","author":"Pinardi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. II"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib124","unstructured":"Plan Bleu, 2005. A Sustainable Future for the Mediterranean: The Blue Plan\u2019s Environment and Development Outlook. In: Benoit, G., Comeau, A. (Eds.), p. 464, Earthscan. <http:\/\/www.planbleu.org\/red\/pdf\/red_resume_uk.pdf>"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib125","unstructured":"Plan Bleu, 2009. State of the Environment and Development. UNEP\/MAP-Plan Bleu, Athens, 2009. <www.planbleu.org\/publications\/SoED2009_EN.pdf>."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(96)00113-3","article-title":"Seasonal variability in sea surface oceanographic conditions in the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean): an overview","volume":"13","author":"Poulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib127","series-title":"Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation","author":"Pruppacher","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28371","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900133","article-title":"Indian ocean experiment: an integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze","volume":"106","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(00)00003-5","article-title":"Modeling the effects of vegetation on Mediterranean climate during the Roman classical period: Part II: model simulation","volume":"25","author":"Reale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Global Planet"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiser, H., Kutiel, H., 2010a. Rainfall uncertainty in the Mediterranean: intra-seasonal rainfall distribution. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 100, 105-121. doi: 10.1007\/s00704-009-0162-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-009-0162-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib131","article-title":"The impacts of the Rain-Spells\u2019 parameters on the annual TOTAL in the Mediterranean basin","author":"Reiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C04024","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005535","article-title":"Lagrangian and Eulerian observations of the surface circulation in the Tyrrhenian Sea","volume":"115","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L12608","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022702","article-title":"The western Mediterranean deep water: a proxy for climate change","volume":"32","author":"Rixen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D13208","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006361","article-title":"A synergetic approach for estimating the local direct aerosol forcing: application to an urban zone during the Exp\u00e9rience sur Site pour Contraindre les Mod\u00e8les de Pollution et de Transport d\u2019Emission (ESCOMPTE) experiment","volume":"111","author":"Roger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2011.11.002","article-title":"Palaeolimnological evidence for an east\u2013west climate see-saw in the Mediterranean since ad 900","volume":"84\u201385","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2007.03.001","article-title":"Transient eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive dense water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s","volume":"74","author":"Roether","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3525.1","article-title":"Evaporation\u2014precipitation variability over the Mediterranean and the Black Seas from satellite and reanalysis estimates","author":"Romanou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101122798","article-title":"Desert dust suppressing precipitation: a possible desertification feedback loop","volume":"98","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13515","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC00233","article-title":"A seasonal model of the Mediterranean Sea general circulation","volume":"100","author":"Roussenov","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib141","series-title":"Earth\u2019s Climate: Past and Future","author":"Ruddiman","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib142","first-page":"155","article-title":"Fluctuations d\u2019une ann\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019autre dans l\u2019intensit\u00e9 de l\u2019affleurement dans la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e occidentale","volume":"35","author":"San Feliu","year":"1971","journal-title":"Inv. Pesq."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-575-2009","article-title":"Influence of rainfall spatial resolution on flash flood modelling","volume":"9","author":"Sangati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D18201","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008482","article-title":"Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and aerosol robotic network (AERONET) retrievals during dust outbreaks over the Mediterranean","volume":"112","author":"Santese","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-006-0167-z","article-title":"Transient climate change scenario simulation of the Mediterranean Sea for the 21st century using a high-resolution ocean circulation model","volume":"27","author":"Somot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2007.10.003","article-title":"21st century climate change scenario for the Mediterranean using a coupled atmosphere\u2212ocean regional climate model","volume":"63","author":"Somot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-3225.1","article-title":"River discharge into the Mediterranean Sea: climatology and aspects of the observed variability","volume":"17","author":"Struglia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1777-2006","article-title":"Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom","volume":"6","author":"Textor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-23-3561-2005","article-title":"Remote sensing of aerosols over the oceans using MSG\/SEVIRI imagery","volume":"23","author":"Thieuleux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annal. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s003820050333","article-title":"Modelling the sensitivity of the Mediterranean outflow to anthropogenically forced climate change","volume":"16","author":"Thorpe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1357\/002224099321618227","article-title":"Some historical, theoretical and applied aspects of quantitative water mass analysis","volume":"57","author":"Tomczak","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mar. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-10-1037-2010","article-title":"Characterisation of extreme winter precipitation in the Mediterranean and associated anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns","volume":"10","author":"Toreti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard Earth Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-10-05033.1","article-title":"A novel approach for the detection of inhomogeneities affecting climate time series","volume":"51","author":"Toreti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC001258","article-title":"Role of aerosols on the Mediterranean solar radiation","volume":"108","author":"Tragou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.719","article-title":"Meteorological conditions associated with sea surges in Venice: a 40 year climatology","volume":"22","author":"Trigo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011526","article-title":"Decline in Mediterranean rainfall caused by weakening of Mediterranean cyclones","volume":"27","author":"Trigo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<1685:OCOCIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Objective climatology of cyclones in the Mediterranean region","volume":"12","author":"Trigo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"issue":"C","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib158","first-page":"179","article-title":"Chapter 3. Relations between variability in the Mediterranean region and mid-latitude variability","volume":"4","author":"Trigo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(74)90004-3","article-title":"Pollution and the planetary albedo","volume":"8","author":"Twomey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.176","article-title":"The ERA-40 reanalysis","volume":"131","author":"Uppala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1996)026<0684:CITASA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Circulation in the Alboran Sea as determined by quasi-synoptic hydrographic observations. Part I: three-dimensional structure of the two anticyclonic gyres","volume":"26","author":"Vi\u00fadez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1996)026<0706:CITASA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Circulation in the Alboran Sea as determined by quasi-synoptic hydrographic observations. Part II: mesoscale ageostrophic motion diagnosed through density dynamical assimilation","volume":"26","author":"Vi\u00fadez","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8649","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-8649-2010","article-title":"The potential influence of Asian and African mineral dust on ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds","volume":"10","author":"Wiacek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atm. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900980","article-title":"Modification of mineral dust particles by cloud processing and subsequent effects on drop size distributions","volume":"105","author":"Wurzler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<0840:AOGMPU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs","volume":"78","author":"Xie","year":"1997","journal-title":"B. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib168","unstructured":"Xoplaki, E., 2002. Climate variability over the Mediterranean, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland. <http:\/\/sinus.unibe.ch\/klimet\/docs\/phd_xoplaki.pdf>."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1ff","DOI":"10.22498\/pages.19.1.4","article-title":"Editorial: medieval climate anomaly","volume":"19","author":"Xoplaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"PAGES News"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xoplaki, E., Gonzalez-Rouco, F. J., Luterbacher, J., Wanner, H., 2003. Mediterranean summer air temperature variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and SSTs. Clim. Dyn. 20, 723\u2013739. doi: 10.1007\/s00382-003\u20130304-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-003-0304-x"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-004-0422-0","article-title":"Wet season Mediterranean precipitation variability: influence of large-scale dynamics","volume":"23","author":"Xoplaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3706.1","article-title":"Large-eddy simulations of trade wind cumuli: investigation of aerosol indirect effects","volume":"63","author":"Xue","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2006.11.004","article-title":"Water scarcity and food trade in the southern and eastern Mediterranean countries","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001544","article-title":"Interactions of mineral dust particles and clouds: effects on precipitation and cloud optical properties","volume":"107","author":"Yin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00981","article-title":"Anthropic landuse cools down summer season in Europe","volume":"46","author":"Zampieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib175","first-page":"8","article-title":"A numerical study of the Mediterranean Sea circulation","volume":"46","author":"Zavatarelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D23204","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010655","article-title":"Ice nucleation properties of the most abundant mineral dust phases","volume":"113","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["The Climate of the Mediterranean Region"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780124160422000124?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780124160422000124?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T07:38:05Z","timestamp":1757662685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780124160422000124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"ISBN":["9780124160422"],"references-count":174,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-416042-2.00012-4","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}