{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:50:23Z","timestamp":1759146623968},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780128096338"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T15:35:08Z","timestamp":1478014508000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing Extinction Rates: Past, Present, and Future \u2606"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"year":"1998","series-title":"Global Change Scenarios of the 21st Century. Results From the IMAGE 2.1 Model","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib1"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1998.00246.x","article-title":"The extent of extinctions of mammals on islands","volume":"25","author":"Alcover","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Biogeography"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-009-9229-5","article-title":"GLOBIO3: A framework to investigate options for reducing global terrestrial biodiversity loss","volume":"12","author":"Alkemade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"year":"2004","series-title":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. A Global Species Assessment","author":"Baillie","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib4"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101476","article-title":"Assessing the causes of late pleistocene extinctions on the continents","volume":"306","author":"Barnosky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09678","article-title":"Has the Earth\u2019s sixth mass extinction already arrived?","volume":"471","author":"Barnosky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2002.00530.x","article-title":"Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity","volume":"16","author":"Brooks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib8","first-page":"7","article-title":"Going or gone: Defining \u201cpossibly extinct\u201d species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions","volume":"126","author":"Butchart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bulletin-British Ornithologists Club"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187512","article-title":"Global biodiversity: Indicators of recent declines","volume":"328","author":"Butchart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Scenarios","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib10"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1400253","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400253","article-title":"Accelerated modern human\u2013induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction","volume":"1","author":"Ceballos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2008.00315.x","article-title":"Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios","volume":"10","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish and Fisheries"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230318","article-title":"Can we name Earth\u2019s species before they go extinct?","volume":"339","author":"Costello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib14","series-title":"Wildlife in a Changing World: An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","article-title":"Freshwater biodiversity: A hidden resource under threat","author":"Darwall","year":"2009"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib15"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2979.2003.00105.x","article-title":"Extinction vulnerability in marine populations","volume":"4","author":"Dulvy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fish and Fisheries"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300012914","article-title":"Temporal variation in extinction risk and temporal scaling of extinction metrics","volume":"20","author":"Foote","year":"1994","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2000)26[74:OAECOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: General problems","volume":"26","author":"Foote","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300016134","article-title":"Fossil preservation and the stratigraphic ranges of taxa","volume":"22","author":"Foote","year":"1996","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"year":"2011","series-title":"European Red List of Freshwater Fishes","author":"Freyhof","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib20"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1666\/09078.1","article-title":"Does extinction wield an axe or pruning shears? How interactions between phylogeny and ecology affect patterns of extinction","volume":"37","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/368105a0","article-title":"Uncertainties in extinction rates","volume":"368","author":"Heywood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib23","series-title":"Wildlife in a Changing World: An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","article-title":"State of the world\u2019s species","author":"Hilton-Taylor","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194442","article-title":"The impact of conservation on the status of the World\u2019s vertebrates","volume":"330","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib25","unstructured":"IMAGE-Team, 2001. The IMAGE 2.2 Implementation of the SRES Scenarios: A Comprehensive Analysis of Emissions, Climate Change and Impacts in the 21st Century. RIVM CD-ROM Publication 481508018. Bilthoven: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib26","unstructured":"IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib27","unstructured":"IUCN, 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2015.4. Available at: http:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib28","first-page":"5","article-title":"Projected impacts of climate and land-use change on the global diversity of birds","author":"Jetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/35004564","article-title":"Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record","volume":"404","author":"Kirchner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"year":"2010","series-title":"Biodiversity Scenarios: Projections of 21st Century Change in Biodiversity and Associated Ecosystem Services","author":"Leadley","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib30"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib31","series-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends","first-page":"77","article-title":"Biodiversity","author":"Mace","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00364.x","article-title":"Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots","volume":"20","author":"Malcolm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities","volume":"403","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib34","series-title":"The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability","first-page":"439","article-title":"Simulated changes in vegetation distribution under global warming","author":"Neilson","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196624","article-title":"Scenarios for global biodiversity in the 21st century","volume":"330","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-042911-093511","article-title":"Global biodiversity change: The bad, the good, and the unknown","volume":"37","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib37","series-title":"Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World","article-title":"The sixth extinction: How large, how soon, and where?","author":"Pimm","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib38","series-title":"Conservation Biology for All","article-title":"Extinctions and the practice of preventing them","author":"Pimm","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246752","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246752","article-title":"The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection","volume":"344","author":"Pimm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10941","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604181103","article-title":"Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future bird extinctions","volume":"103","author":"Pimm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1126\/science.11542058","article-title":"Biological extinction in earth history","volume":"231","author":"Raup","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"year":"1992","series-title":"Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck?","author":"Raup","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib42"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/317005","article-title":"The currency and tempo of extinction","volume":"157","author":"Regan","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib44","series-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Scenarios","article-title":"Biodiversity across scenarios","author":"Sala","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2015.03.003","article-title":"Towards a global terrestrial species monitoring program","volume":"25","author":"Schmeller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal for Nature Conservation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2007.00852.x","article-title":"Climate change, elevational range shifts, and bird extinctions","volume":"22","author":"Sekercioglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184695","article-title":"Erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches","volume":"328","author":"Sinervo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02121","article-title":"Extinction risk from climate change","volume":"427","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2007.09.004","article-title":"Predicting global change impacts on plant species\u2019 distributions: Future challenges","volume":"9","author":"Thuiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01818-110225","article-title":"The future of vascular plant diversity under four global scenarios","volume":"11","author":"van Vuuren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173146","article-title":"Rebuilding global fisheries","volume":"325","author":"Worm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.001008.x","article-title":"Scenarios of freshwater fish extinctions from climate change and water withdrawal","volume":"11","author":"Xenopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"}],"container-title":["Reference Module in Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780128096338021282?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780128096338021282?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T22:27:39Z","timestamp":1536272859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128096338021282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"ISBN":["9780128096338"],"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-809633-8.02128-2","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}