{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T19:28:16Z","timestamp":1758223696561,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780128230459"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T13:01:28Z","timestamp":1637931688000},"page":"55-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The pathogenic role of androgen excess in PCOS"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Duarte","family":"Pignatelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Kandaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2020.02.011","article-title":"The contribution of rare genetic variants to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Dapas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res"},{"issue":"7497","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13127","article-title":"Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease","volume":"508","author":"MacArthur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002698","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Azziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-992919","article-title":"Looking for polycystic ovary syndrome genes: rational and best strategy","volume":"26","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e3180305f7c","article-title":"Genetics of polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Nam Menke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0400","article-title":"The genetics of the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Urbanek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49109","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/49109","article-title":"The genetic basis of the polycystic ovary syndrome: a literature review including discussion of PPAR-gamma","volume":"2007","author":"Unluturk","year":"2007","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.06.003","article-title":"DHEA, DHEAS and PCOS","volume":"145","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh098","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"19","author":"group TREAsPcw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1514916","article-title":"Clinical practice. Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"375","author":"McCartney","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1018","article-title":"Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Dumesic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0178","article-title":"Positions statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an androgen excess society guideline","volume":"91","author":"Azziz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0200-7","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of hyperandrogenemia in 1,218 women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Livadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32832afd4d","article-title":"Androgens and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Nisenblat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0085","first-page":"89","article-title":"The mechanism of androgen actions in PCOS etiology","volume":"7","author":"Rodriguez Paris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2017.1410591","article-title":"Sex hormone binding globulin\u2014an important biomarker for predicting PCOS risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Deswal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035","article-title":"The androgen excess and PCOS society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report","volume":"91","author":"Azziz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0212","article-title":"11-oxygenated C19 steroids as circulating androgens in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3285","article-title":"11-Oxygenated C19 steroids are the predominant androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"102","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.08.014","article-title":"A new dawn for androgens: novel lessons from 11-oxygenated C19 steroids","volume":"441","author":"Pretorius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399408000598","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome: pathophysiology, molecular aspects and clinical implications","volume":"10","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0303","article-title":"StAR search\u2014what we know about how the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mediates mitochondrial cholesterol import","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000160911","article-title":"Insulin modulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in normal female volunteers and lean polycystic ovary syndrome patients","volume":"89","author":"Moret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60140-X","article-title":"LH as a diagnostic criterion for polycystic ovary syndrome in patients with WHO II oligo\/amenorrhoea","volume":"16","author":"Hendriks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.09.016","article-title":"Obesity differentially affects serum levels of androstenedione and testosterone in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Moran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-984741","article-title":"Neuroendocrine effects of androgens in adult polycystic ovary syndrome and female puberty","volume":"25","author":"Blank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.120","article-title":"Suppression and recovery of gonadotropin and steroid secretion by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist in healthy women with normal ovulation versus women with polycystic ovary syndrome in the early follicular phase","volume":"91","author":"Sagnella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1678","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3: a new circulating hormone related to luteinizing hormone-dependent ovarian hyperandrogenism in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Gambineri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.091","article-title":"The serine phosphorylation hypothesis of polycystic ovary syndrome: a unifying mechanism for hyperandrogenemia and insulin resistance","volume":"89","author":"Bremer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1429.005","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence","volume":"1135","author":"Blank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2008.03.014","article-title":"Defects in insulin signaling pathways in ovarian steroidogenesis and other tissues in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"109","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0170","first-page":"671","article-title":"Premature adrenarche\u2014normal variant or forerunner of adult disease?","volume":"21","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-007-9054-0","article-title":"The adrenal and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Yildiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.101","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Brennan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347408","article-title":"Prevalence and metabolic characteristics of adrenal androgen excess in hyperandrogenic women with different phenotypes","volume":"30","author":"Carmina","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350202","article-title":"Pituitary and adrenal response to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Mongio\u00ec","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/09513599009024976","article-title":"Pituitary-adrenal responses to ovine corticotropin-releasing factor in polycystic ovary syndrome and in other hyperandrogenic patients","volume":"4","author":"Carmina","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0200","first-page":"2317","article-title":"Adrenal androgen excess in the polycystic ovary syndrome: sensitivity and responsivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"83","author":"Azziz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-2215-5-42","article-title":"Adrenocortical steroid response to ACTH in different phenotypes of non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Cinar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0831-9","article-title":"Brothers of women with polycystic ovary syndrome are characterised by impaired glucose tolerance, reduced insulin sensitivity and related metabolic defects","volume":"50","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.01.032","article-title":"Risk of metabolic complications in the new PCOS phenotypes based on the Rotterdam criteria","volume":"88","author":"Shroff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0515","article-title":"Body mass index and ovarian function are associated with endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in women with hyperandrogenic syndrome","volume":"158","author":"Cupisti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-970163","article-title":"Influence of body mass index on measured and calculated androgen parameters in adult women with hirsutism and PCOS","volume":"115","author":"Cupisti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2002","article-title":"Obesity and sex steroid changes across puberty: evidence for marked hyperandrogenemia in pre- and early pubertal obese girls","volume":"92","author":"McCartney","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.04.043","article-title":"Obesity, weight loss, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: effect of treatment with diet and orlistat for 24 weeks on insulin resistance and androgen levels","volume":"89","author":"Panidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.6.0311","article-title":"Augmented androgen production is a stable steroidogenic phenotype of propagated theca cells from polycystic ovaries","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1210\/er.16.3.322","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion","volume":"16","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1519","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400574111","article-title":"Overexpression of a DENND1A isoform produces a polycystic ovary syndrome theca phenotype","volume":"111","author":"McAllister","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-1-165","article-title":"Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization","volume":"66","author":"Waldstreicher","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.74.4.1548348","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of the different gonadotropin pulsatile patterns in anovulatory cycles of young girls","volume":"74","author":"Venturoli","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2011.12.007","article-title":"Neuroendocrine dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Burt Solorzano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0270","first-page":"582","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: evidence for reduced sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone","volume":"83","author":"Pastor","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0275","first-page":"4047","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone","volume":"85","author":"Eagleson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.06.025","article-title":"The phenotype of hirsute women: a comparison of polycystic ovary syndrome and 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"94","author":"Pall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb03887.x","article-title":"The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and their close relatives","volume":"33","author":"Hague","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1159\/000342179","article-title":"Non-classic adrenal hyperplasia due to the deficiency of 21-hydroxylase and its relation to polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Pignatelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0295","first-page":"702","article-title":"Polycystic ovaries in female-to-male transsexuals","volume":"39","author":"Pache","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4850","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3353727","article-title":"Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome","volume":"240","author":"Lubahn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0305","first-page":"264","article-title":"Androgen receptor locus on the human X chromosome: regional localization to Xq11-12 and description of a DNA polymorphism","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00250.x","article-title":"Phenotypic heterogeneity of mutations in androgen receptor gene","volume":"9","author":"Rajender","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0315","first-page":"701","article-title":"Size polymorphisms of the androgen receptor among female Hispanics and correlation with androgenic characteristics","volume":"83","author":"Legro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021791","article-title":"Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in the development of ovarian hyperandrogenism","volume":"88","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0038","article-title":"Association of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.01.096","article-title":"Phenotypic spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical characterization of the three major clinical subgroups","volume":"83","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0335","first-page":"89","article-title":"Comparison of spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride efficacy in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"85","author":"Moghetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2798","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and tolerability of flutamide combined with oral contraception in moderate to severe hirsutism: a 12-month, double-blind, parallel clinical trial","volume":"92","author":"Calaf","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.1.4500","article-title":"Hormonal effects of flutamide in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"83","author":"De Leo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.754876","article-title":"Ovulatory effects of flutamide in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Paradisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R193","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0517","article-title":"Role of androgens in normal and pathological ovarian function","volume":"149","author":"Walters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.03.008","article-title":"Evidence from animal models on the pathogenesis of PCOS","volume":"32","author":"Walters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.097808","article-title":"Rodent models for human polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Walters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.10.005","article-title":"Sheep models of polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype","volume":"373","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.01.013","article-title":"Nonhuman primate models of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"373","author":"Abbott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1235","article-title":"Developmental programming: prenatal and postnatal androgen antagonist and insulin sensitizer interventions prevent advancement of puberty and improve LH surge dynamics in prenatal testosterone-treated sheep","volume":"156","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-03218","article-title":"Antiandrogen treatment ameliorates reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in the letrozole-induced mouse model of PCOS","volume":"159","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3334","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616467114","article-title":"Neuroendocrine androgen action is a key extraovarian mediator in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Caldwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1887","article-title":"Haplosufficient genomic androgen receptor signaling is adequate to protect female mice from induction of polycystic ovary syndrome features by prenatal hyperandrogenization","volume":"156","author":"Caldwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0400","first-page":"98","article-title":"Androgen receptor in the ovary theca cells plays a critical role in androgen-induced reproductive dysfunction","volume":"158","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4045","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703436114","article-title":"Neuronal androgen receptor: molecular gateway to polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"114","author":"Abbott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K09E-205","article-title":"Endocrine traits of polycystic ovary syndrome in prenatally androgenized female Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1954","article-title":"Estradiol negative and positive feedback in a prenatal androgen-induced mouse model of polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"154","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90094-4","article-title":"Absence of androgen receptors in LHRH immunoreactive neurons","volume":"624","author":"Huang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-6199-9_13","article-title":"Sex steroid regulation of kisspeptin circuits","volume":"784","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11859","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1569-09.2009","article-title":"Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion by kisspeptin\/dynorphin\/neurokinin B neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the mouse","volume":"29","author":"Navarro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu009","article-title":"The kisspeptin-GnRH pathway in human reproductive health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Skorupskaite","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1609-1","article-title":"Kisspeptin and LH pulsatile temporal coupling in PCOS patients","volume":"61","author":"Katulski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0445","first-page":"367","article-title":"Kisspeptin in the hypothalamus of 2 rat models of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"158","author":"Osuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.05.049","article-title":"Hypothalamic kiss1 mRNA and kisspeptin immunoreactivity are reduced in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"1467","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1609","article-title":"Prenatal testosterone treatment leads to changes in the morphology of KNDy neurons, their inputs, and projections to GnRH cells in female sheep","volume":"156","author":"Cernea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1202","article-title":"Neurokinin B receptor antagonism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled","volume":"101","author":"George","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trial J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.232","article-title":"Leptin receptor signaling and the regulation of mammalian physiology","volume":"32 Suppl 7","author":"Villanueva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20719","article-title":"Central mechanisms of adiposity in adult female mice with androgen excess","volume":"22","author":"Nohara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02126.x","article-title":"Prenatal programming by testosterone of hypothalamic metabolic control neurones in the ewe","volume":"23","author":"Sheppard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2586","article-title":"Hyperandrogenism accompanies increased intra-abdominal fat storage in normal weight polycystic ovary syndrome women","volume":"101","author":"Dumesic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927805","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/927805","article-title":"Leptin as well as free leptin receptor is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in young women","volume":"2015","author":"Rizk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0490","first-page":"423","article-title":"Association of leptin and insulin resistance in PCOS: a case-controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Namavar Jahromi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523236113","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue transplantation ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1071\/RD17255","article-title":"Systemic adiponectin treatment reverses polycystic ovary syndrome-like features in an animal model","volume":"30","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7187","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708854114","article-title":"Adiponectin protects against development of metabolic disturbances in a PCOS mouse model","volume":"114","author":"Benrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000134831","article-title":"Fetal programming of adrenal androgen excess: lessons from a nonhuman primate model of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Abbott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-008-9099-8","article-title":"Nonhuman primates as models for human adrenal androgen production: function and dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Abbott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E262","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90208.2008","article-title":"Transient prenatal androgen exposure produces metabolic syndrome in adult female rats","volume":"295","author":"Demissie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.10.015","article-title":"Placental steroidogenesis in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Maliqueo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.11.030","article-title":"Effect of maternal PCOS and PCOS-like phenotype on the offspring's health","volume":"435","author":"Puttabyatappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0535","first-page":"35","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome: the commonest cause of hyperandrogenemia in women as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1697","article-title":"Stage-specific expression of androgen receptor, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, and anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone type II receptor in single, isolated, human preantral follicles: relevance to polycystic ovaries","volume":"92","author":"Rice","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-07-0172","article-title":"Testosterone selectively increases primary follicles in ovarian cortex grafted onto embryonic chick membranes: relevance to polycystic ovaries","volume":"136","author":"Qureshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13828","article-title":"Comorbidities and complications of polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"89","author":"Gilbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317241","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/317241","article-title":"Obesity differentially affects phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OGX.0000109523.25076.E2","article-title":"Detecting insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: purposes and pitfalls","volume":"59","author":"Legro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.11.036","article-title":"Should all women with PCOS be treated for insulin resistance?","volume":"97","author":"Marshall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1034","article-title":"Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications","volume":"33","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3399","article-title":"Hyperandrogenemia predicts metabolic phenotype in polycystic ovary syndrome: the utility of serum androstenedione","volume":"99","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02764.x","article-title":"Metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovaries and oligo-amenorrhoea but normal androgen levels: implications for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Barber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den263","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk in polycystic ovary syndrome: a comparison of different approaches to defining the metabolic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Cussons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.01.037","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic differences among phenotypic expressions of polycystic ovary syndrome according to the 2003 Rotterdam consensus criteria","volume":"198","author":"Kauffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02954.x","article-title":"Unravelling the phenotypic map of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a prospective study of 634 women with PCOS","volume":"67","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.01.023","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms associated with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Lindholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der418","article-title":"Insulin resistance and endocrine characteristics of the different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Panidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.004","article-title":"Adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome showing different phenotypes have a different metabolic profile associated with increasing androgen levels","volume":"92","author":"Fruzzetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.07.004","article-title":"Pathophysiology and types of dyslipidemia in PCOS","volume":"18","author":"Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1705","article-title":"Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and low-density lipoproteins size and subclasses in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Berneis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0305","article-title":"Postnatal testosterone exposure results in insulin resistance, enlarged mesenteric adipocytes, and an atherogenic lipid profile in adult female rats: comparisons with estradiol and dihydrotestosterone","volume":"148","author":"Alexanderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem324","article-title":"Androgen excess is associated with the increased carotid intima-media thickness observed in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Luque-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1553","article-title":"Low-dose dihydrotestosterone drives metabolic dysfunction via cytosolic and nuclear hepatic androgen receptor mechanisms","volume":"158","author":"Andrisse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0640","first-page":"6869705","article-title":"Association of androgen excess with glucose intolerance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"2018","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R97","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0573","article-title":"Emerging role of testosterone in pancreatic \u03b2-cell function and insulin secretion","volume":"240","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056263","article-title":"The pancreas is altered by in utero androgen exposure: implications for clinical conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"8","author":"Rae","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98607","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98607","article-title":"Androgen excess in pancreatic \u03b2 cells and neurons predisposes female mice to type 2 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1324-0","article-title":"Effect of testosterone on lipolysis in human pre-adipocytes from different fat depots","volume":"47","author":"Dicker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14279","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with NASH severity and advanced fibrosis","volume":"40","author":"Sarkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0670","first-page":"157","article-title":"Body fat topography in women with androgen excess","volume":"12","author":"Evans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3698","article-title":"Global adiposity and thickness of intraperitoneal and mesenteric adipose tissue depots are increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"98","author":"Borruel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0680","first-page":"2044","article-title":"Long-term testosterone administration increases visceral fat in female to male transsexuals","volume":"82","author":"Elbers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2250","article-title":"Treatment with flutamide, metformin, and their combination added to a hypocaloric diet in overweight-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, 12-month, placebo-controlled study","volume":"91","author":"Gambineri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09723-y","article-title":"Body fat distribution and the risk of incident metabolic syndrome: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E304","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1290","article-title":"Adipose tissue has aberrant morphology and function in PCOS: enlarged adipocytes and low serum adiponectin, but not circulating sex steroids, are strongly associated with insulin resistance","volume":"96","author":"Manner\u00e5s-Holm","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160726103133","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome as a proinflammatory state: the role of adipokines","volume":"22","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2017.12.009","article-title":"Enlarged adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue associated to hyperandrogenism and visceral adipose tissue volume in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"130","author":"Echibur\u00fa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.11.036","article-title":"Circulating inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"95","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.03.085","article-title":"Subcutaneous and omental fat expression of adiponectin and leptin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Carmina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.08.019","article-title":"Effects of dihydrotestosterone on differentiation and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and preadipocytes","volume":"296","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03645.x","article-title":"Effects of androgens on adipocyte differentiation and adipose tissue explant metabolism in men and women","volume":"72","author":"Blouin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.9.2734","article-title":"Androgens decrease plasma adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-derived protein","volume":"51","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1754","article-title":"Reproductive and metabolic phenotype of a mouse model of PCOS","volume":"153","author":"van Houten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.4\/fmauvais","article-title":"Sex differences in the effects of androgens acting in the central nervous system on metabolism","volume":"18","author":"Morford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.08.009","article-title":"Distinct hypothalamic neurons mediate estrogenic effects on energy homeostasis and reproduction","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1288","article-title":"Early-life exposure to testosterone programs the hypothalamic melanocortin system","volume":"152","author":"Nohara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms004","article-title":"Balancing ovulation and anovulation: integration of the reproductive and energy balance axes by neuropeptides","volume":"18","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1159\/000504225","article-title":"Activation of a classic hunger circuit slows luteinizing hormone pulsatility","volume":"110","author":"Coutinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621065114","article-title":"AgRP to Kiss1 neuron signaling links nutritional state and fertility","volume":"114","author":"Padilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780128230459000171?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780128230459000171?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1758189615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128230459000171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"ISBN":["9780128230459"],"references-count":152,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-823045-9.00017-1","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}