{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:17:00Z","timestamp":1770704220585,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780702040863","type":"print"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,21]],"date-time":"2013-12-21T01:33:05Z","timestamp":1387589585000},"page":"75-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Infective endocarditis"],"prefix":"10.1016","member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199301000-00007","article-title":"Monitoring of infectious intracranial aneurysms by sequential computed tomographic\/magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"32","author":"Ahmadi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1086\/513197","article-title":"Impact of prior antiplatelet therapy on risk of embolism in infective endocarditis","volume":"44","author":"Anavekar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000094359.47929.E4","article-title":"Stroke location, characterization, severity, and outcome in mitral vs aortic valve endocarditis","volume":"61","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0517-x","article-title":"Timing the valve replacement in infective endocarditis involving the brain","volume":"251","author":"Angswurm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0025","series-title":"Systemic Diseases, Part I","first-page":"111","article-title":"Neurological complications of endocarditis","volume":"vol. 19","author":"Autret","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-008-0308-x","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance findings in infective endocarditis with neurological complications","volume":"27","author":"Azuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e394","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000153812.64956.EF","volume":"111","author":"Baddour","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192665","article-title":"Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Baddour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313993","article-title":"Late rupture of a mycotic aneurysm after \u201ccure\u201d of bacterial endocarditis","volume":"233","author":"Bamfort","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.07.202","article-title":"A case of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome following Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis","volume":"114","author":"Baravelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390040047009","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in bacterial endocarditis","volume":"149","author":"Bertonini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7563.334","article-title":"Infective endocarditis","volume":"333","author":"Beynon","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9253-5","article-title":"Intracranial hemorrhage following thrombolytic use for stroke caused by infective endocarditis","volume":"12","author":"Bhuva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.46.4.0428","article-title":"Treatment of intracranial mycotic aneurysms","volume":"46","author":"Bingham","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1978.48.3.0369","article-title":"Bacterial intracranial aneurysms","volume":"1978","author":"Bohmfalk","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0080","first-page":"1086","article-title":"The risk of stroke and death in patients with aortic and mitral valve endocarditis","volume":"154","author":"Cabell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00829-5","article-title":"A randomized trial of aspirin on the risk of embolic events in patients with infective endocarditis","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1086\/524021","article-title":"Effects of long-term aspirin use on embolic events in infective endocarditis","volume":"46","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2222010432","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of cerebral mycotic aneurisms","volume":"222","author":"Chapot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000124719.61827.7F","article-title":"Early predictors of in-hospital death in infective endocarditis","volume":"109","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0105","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Current multimodality management of infectious intracranial aneurisms","volume":"48","author":"Chun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.03.024","article-title":"Infective endocarditis associated with spondylodiscitis and frequent secondary epidural abscess","volume":"69","author":"Cone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.834432","article-title":"Subclinical brain embolization in left-sided infective endocarditis: results from the evaluation by MRI of the brains of patients with left-sided intracardiac solid masses (EMBOLISM) pilot study","volume":"120","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0120","first-page":"745","article-title":"Endocarditis-related cerebral aneurysms: radiologic changes with treatment","volume":"16","author":"Corr","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0512-5","article-title":"Trends in neurological complications of endocarditis","volume":"254","author":"Corral","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701393088","article-title":"In-hospital mortality of infective endocarditis: prognostic factors and evolution over an 8-year period","volume":"39","author":"Delahaye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690701593561","article-title":"Endovascular management of ruptured cerebral mycotic aneuryms","volume":"22","author":"Dhomne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01206-7","article-title":"Echocardiography predicts embolic events in infective endocarditis","volume":"2001","author":"Di Salvo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.07.023","article-title":"The relationship between the initiation of antimicrobial therapy and the incidence of stroke in infective endocarditis: an analysis from the ICE Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS)","volume":"154","author":"Dickerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0233-1","article-title":"Intracranial infectious aneurysms: a comprehensive review","volume":"33","author":"Ducruet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90143-0","article-title":"New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service","volume":"96","author":"Durack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(02)94802-7","article-title":"Risk factors for \u201cmajor\u201d embolic events in hospitalized patients with infective endocarditis","volume":"146","author":"Durante Mangoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-8-201004200-00006","article-title":"Effect of early cerebral magnetic resonance imaging on clinical decisions in infective endocarditis: a prospective study","volume":"152","author":"Duval","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.03.006","article-title":"Reduced valve replacement surgery and complication rate in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis patients receiving acetyl-salicylic acid","volume":"58","author":"Eisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(95)70038-2","article-title":"Surgical management of infective endocarditis associated with cerebral complications. Multicenter retrospective study in Japan","volume":"110","author":"Eishi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540902984701","article-title":"Infective endocarditis-related stroke: diagnostic delay and prognostic factors","volume":"41","author":"Epaulard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060961","article-title":"Identification of high-risk subgroups in infective endocarditis and the role of echocardiography","volume":"16","author":"Erbel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0190","series-title":"Summary information on a referral opinion following an arbitration pursuant to article 29 of Directive 2001\/83\/EC, for Actilyse","author":"European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.07.016","article-title":"Time-related distribution, risk factors and prognostic influence of embolism I patients with left-sided endocarditis","volume":"110","author":"Fabri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.1548","article-title":"Intramedullary cervical spinal cord abscess by viridans group Streptococcus secondary to infective endocarditis and facilitated by previous local radiotherapy","volume":"48","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(96)00014-8","article-title":"Valve replacement in patients with endocarditis and acute neurologic deficit","volume":"61","author":"Gillinov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.3.273","article-title":"Clinical criteria and the appropriate use of transthoracic echocardiography for the exclusion of infective endocarditis","volume":"89","author":"Greaves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0215","first-page":"2285","article-title":"The 2009 ESC Guidelines for management of infective endocarditis reviewed","volume":"30","author":"Habib","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp285","article-title":"The Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"30","author":"Habib","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.5.695","article-title":"Stroke in infective endocarditis","volume":"21","author":"Hart","year":"1990","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.15.1933","article-title":"Complicated left-sided native valve endocarditis in adults: risk classification for mortality","volume":"289","author":"Hasbun","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.18.2781","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of infective endocarditis: a 17-year experience in a teaching hospital in Finland","volume":"160","author":"Heiro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.1.75","article-title":"Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1 year survey in France","volume":"288","author":"Hoen","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1086\/518727","article-title":"Methicillin resistance and risk factors for embolism in Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis","volume":"28","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0250","first-page":"1607","article-title":"Blinded prospective evaluation of sensitivity of MR angiography to know intracranial aneurysms: importance of aneurysm size","volume":"15","author":"Huston","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(97)00117-3","article-title":"Active native valve endocarditis: determinants of operative death and late mortality","volume":"63","author":"Jault","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-71-1-21","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of bacterial endocarditis","volume":"71","author":"Jones","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-0017-9","article-title":"Successful intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke caused by infective endocarditis","volume":"6","author":"Junna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112843","article-title":"Early surgery versus conventional treatment for infective endocarditis","volume":"366","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9208-x","article-title":"Intracranial microbial aneurysm (infectious aneurysm): current options for diagnosis and management","volume":"11","author":"Kannoth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.01.044","article-title":"Intracranial infectious aneurysm: presentation, management and outcome","volume":"256","author":"Kannoth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.05.018","article-title":"A rare diagnosis in ED: cerebral pyogenic ventriculitis due to infective endocarditis","volume":"25","author":"Kiyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.562546","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds are frequent in infective endocarditis: a case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.21.2791","article-title":"Acetylsalicylic acid reduces vegetation bacterial density, hematogeneous bacterial disseminations, and frequency of embolic events in experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis through antiplatelet and antibacterial effects","volume":"99","author":"Kupferwasser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316876","article-title":"Salicylic acid attenuates virulence in endovascular infections by targeting global regulatory pathways in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"112","author":"Kupferwasser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540903146995","article-title":"Incidence of neurological complications in patients with native-valve infective endocarditis and cerebral microembolism: an open cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Lepur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688507801213","article-title":"Centenary of William Osler\u2019s 1885 Gulstonian Lectures and their place in the history of bacterial endocarditis","volume":"78","author":"Levy","year":"1985","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6562.1628","article-title":"Gustav Mahler and Emmanuel Libman: bacterial endocarditis in 1911","volume":"293","author":"Levy","year":"1986","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1086\/313753","article-title":"Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1011974","article-title":"Determinants of prognosis in 300 episodes of infective endocarditis","volume":"44","author":"Mansur","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15266-X","article-title":"Infective endocarditis","volume":"363","author":"Moreillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90104-6","article-title":"Echocardiography in infective endocarditis: reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size determined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach","volume":"14","author":"Mugge","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0340","first-page":"91","article-title":"Streptococcal and enterococcal spondylodiscitis (vertebral osteomyelitis). High incidence of infective endocarditis in 50 cases","volume":"33","author":"Mulleman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.603","article-title":"Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century. The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"169","author":"Murdoch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra010082","article-title":"Infective endocarditis in adults","volume":"345","author":"Mylonakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.042648","article-title":"Comparison of clinical and morphological characteristics of Staphyloccocus aureus endocarditis with endocarditis caused by other pathogens","volume":"91","author":"Nadji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0360","series-title":"Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: antimicrobial prophylaxis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures. NICE Clinical Guideline 64","author":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Short Clinical Guidelines Technical Team","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.1.61","article-title":"Infective endocarditis determinants of long term outcome","volume":"88","author":"Netzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.008","volume":"52","author":"Nishimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003813.pub3","article-title":"Antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry","author":"Oliver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1262.467","article-title":"The Gulstonian Lectures, on malignant endocarditis","volume":"1","author":"Osler","year":"1885","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2010.10.007","article-title":"Les actualit\u00e9s dans l\u2019endocardite infectieuse","volume":"32","author":"Parize","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000117317","article-title":"Rate of cerebral embolic events in relation to antibiotic and anticoagulant therapy in patients with bacterial endocarditis","volume":"30","author":"Paschalis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02665.x","article-title":"Chronic antiplatelet therapy and mortality among patients with infective endocarditis","volume":"15","author":"Pepin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000101691","article-title":"Negative blood culture infective endocarditis in the elderly: long-term follow-up","volume":"53","author":"P\u00e9rez de Isla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)01914-2","article-title":"Comparison of clinical an echocardiographic characteristics of Streptococcuc bovis endocarditis with that caused by other pathogens","volume":"88","author":"Pergola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70631-4","article-title":"A dangerous dilemma: management of infectious intracranial aneurysms complicating endocarditis","volume":"6","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0415","first-page":"703","article-title":"Stroke is not a contraindication for urgent valve replacement in acute infective endocarditis","volume":"10","author":"Piper","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.029850","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and problems in infective endocarditis","volume":"90","author":"Prendergast","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.067256","article-title":"The changing face of infective endocarditis","volume":"92","author":"Prendergast","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773598","article-title":"Surgery for infective endocrditis. Who and when?","volume":"121","author":"Prendergast","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050125","article-title":"Fibrinogen and fibronectin binding cooperate for valve infection and invasion in Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis","volume":"201","author":"Que","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1159\/000235579","article-title":"Major cerebral events in Staphyloccocus aureus infective endocarditis: is anticoagulant therapy safe?","volume":"114","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00090-9","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a review of 260 bacteremic cases in non drug addicts","volume":"102","author":"Roder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(14)80380-5","article-title":"Prediction of rapid versus prolonged healing of infective endocarditis by monitoring vegetation size","volume":"4","author":"Rohmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060195","article-title":"Clinical relevance of vegetation localization by transesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis","volume":"13","author":"Rohmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000229894.28591.3f","article-title":"Neurological outcome of septic cardioembolic stroke after infective endocarditis","volume":"37","author":"Ruttman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0724","article-title":"Valvular and structural heart disease. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, 8th edn","volume":"133","author":"Salem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0470","first-page":"19","article-title":"Central nervous system complications of infective endocarditis","volume":"26","author":"Salgado","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.18.6.1057","article-title":"Mycotic aneurysms, subarachnoid hemorrhage and indications for cerebral angiography in infective endocarditis","volume":"18","author":"Salgado","year":"1987","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.2.173","article-title":"Neurologic complications of endocarditis: a 12-year experience","volume":"39","author":"Salgado","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"369","key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0485","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Prognostic stratification of patients with left sided endocarditis determined at admission","volume":"120","author":"San Roman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90535-H","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of patients with infective endocarditis: prediction of risk of complications","volume":"18","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.02.098","article-title":"Mitral valve infective endocarditis: benefit of early operation and aggressive use of repair","volume":"87","author":"Shang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0500","series-title":"Bacterial Diseases","first-page":"221","article-title":"Neurological complications of bacterial endocarditis","volume":"Vol. 96","author":"Sila","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1086\/588663","article-title":"Cerebrovascular complications in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis are common: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and neurochemical brain damage markers","volume":"47","author":"Snygg-Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.23.2842","article-title":"Risk factors for infective endocarditis: oral hygiene and nondental exposures","volume":"102","author":"Strom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.03.015","article-title":"Reversible restricted diffusion of the entire corpus callosum","volume":"247","author":"Takanashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03188.x","article-title":"Bacterial endocarditis in a child presenting with acute arterial ischemic stroke: should thrombolytic therapy be absolutely contraindicated?","volume":"51","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2008.151936","article-title":"When should we operate on patients with acute infective endocarditis?","volume":"96","author":"Thuny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.493155","article-title":"Risk of embolism and death in infective endocarditis: prognostic value of echocardiography. A prospective multicenter study","volume":"112","author":"Thuny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm005","article-title":"Impact of cerebrovascular complications on mortality and neurologic outcome during infective endocarditis: a prospective multicentre study","volume":"28","author":"Thuny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(97)70011-7","article-title":"The ability of vegetation size on echocardiography to predict clinical complications: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Tischler","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2048","article-title":"A systematic review of population-based studies of infective endocarditis","volume":"132","author":"Tleyjeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.5.473","article-title":"Infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: deleterious effects of anticoagulant therapy","volume":"159","author":"Tornos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.032128","article-title":"Infective endocarditis in Europe: lessons from the Euro Heart Survey","volume":"91","author":"Tornos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01010.x","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia as a presentation of infective endocarditis","volume":"62","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01790-4","article-title":"Risk of embolization after institution of antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis","volume":"39","author":"Vilacosta","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000600002","article-title":"Endovascular treatment for intracranial infectious aneurysms","volume":"66","author":"Wajnberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.1.53","article-title":"Mortality from infective endocarditis: clinical predictors of outcome","volume":"88","author":"Wallace","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.219.3.r01ma16739","article-title":"Intracranial aneurysms: CT angiography and MR angiography for detection: prospective blinded comparison in a large patient cohort","volume":"219","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0585","first-page":"162","article-title":"Management of complications of infective endocarditis","volume":"1982","author":"Wilson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0590","first-page":"1722","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis and Streptoccus viridans endocarditis","volume":"97","author":"Yavasoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.09.011","article-title":"Late bacterial endocarditis of an Amplatzer atrial septal defect occluder device","volume":"105","author":"Zahr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Handbook of Clinical Neurology","Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease Part I"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780702040863000072?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9780702040863000072?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T21:41:02Z","timestamp":1757540462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780702040863000072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"ISBN":["9780702040863"],"references-count":119,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-7020-4086-3.00007-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0072-9752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0072-9752","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}}}