{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T20:31:39Z","timestamp":1764793899780,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781782422839"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/b978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T15:27:43Z","timestamp":1447428463000},"page":"329-350","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Smart composite reverse-osmosis membranes for energy generation and water desalination processes"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"A.P.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.C.","family":"Bordado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2013.06.016","article-title":"A review on membrane fabrication: structure, properties and performance relationship","volume":"326","author":"Lalia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06599","article-title":"Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades","volume":"452","author":"Shannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(02)00259-X","article-title":"Distillation vs. membrane filtration: overview of process evolutions in seawater desalination","volume":"143","author":"Van Der Bruggen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.01.067","article-title":"Advances in seawater desalination technologies","volume":"221","author":"Khawaji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.10.004","article-title":"Overview of systems engineering approaches for a large scale seawater desalination plant with a reverse osmosis network","volume":"238","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"year":"2012","journal-title":"J Membr Sci","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib6"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perspectives and challenges for desalination in the 21st century","volume":"165","author":"Schiffler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.12.009","article-title":"State-of-the-art of reverse osmosis desalination","volume":"216","author":"Fritzmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"unstructured":"Munir, A. Dead End Membrane Filtration (2006), Report of Laboratory Feasibility studies in Environmental Engineering.","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib9"},{"year":"2011","author":"Khayet","series-title":"Membrane Distillation: Principles and Applications","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib10"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.08.027","article-title":"Membrane distillation: a comprehensive review","volume":"287","author":"Alkhudhiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib12","first-page":"32","article-title":"Emergence of forward osmosis and pressure-retarded osmotic processes for drinking water treatment","author":"Duranceau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fla Water Resour J"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3390\/polym5010303","article-title":"Pressure retarded osmosis and forward osmosis membranes: materials and methods","volume":"5","author":"Alsvik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, M.E. A brief review of reverse osmosis membrane technology. [online] Available from: <www.eetcorp.com\/heepm\/RO_ReviewE.pdf>; 2003 [accessed 10.02.14].","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-2118(03)02036-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.11.041","article-title":"Development of antifouling reverse osmosis membranes for water treatment: a review","volume":"46","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(03)00395-3","article-title":"Energy consumption and membrane replacement cost for seawater RO desalination plants","volume":"157","author":"Avlonitis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"year":"2008","article-title":"Synthetic membranes for membrane processes","series-title":"Synthetic Polymeric Membranes - Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib17"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(93)80014-O","article-title":"Composite reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes","author":"Petersen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Membr Sci 83"},{"year":"2003","series-title":"Polymer Chemistry","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib19"},{"unstructured":"Herron J. 2008 Asymmetric Forward Osmosis Membranes. U.S. Patent 7,445,712,4.","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib20"},{"unstructured":"Herron, J. 2012 Two-Layer Membrane. U.S. Patent 0,175,300 A1.","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib21"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.03.021","article-title":"Influence of membrane support layer hydrophobicity on water flux in osmotically driven membrane processes","volume":"318","author":"Mccutcheon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2004.01.003","article-title":"Concentration polarisation by natural organic matter (NOM) in NF and UF","volume":"233","author":"Thorsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"isbn-type":"print","year":"2009","series-title":"Membrane Operations: Innovative Separations and Transformations","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib24","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9783527320387"},{"isbn-type":"print","year":"1996","series-title":"Basic Principles of Membrane Technology","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib25","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9789400917668"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib26","first-page":"1","volume":"744","year":"2000","journal-title":"Membr Form Modif"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.03.014","article-title":"Progress in the production and modification of PVDF membranes","volume":"375","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.1002\/app.23237","article-title":"Cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes: optimization of the composition","volume":"100","author":"Duarte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Polym Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/app.24837","article-title":"Cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes: optimization of preparation parameters","volume":"103","author":"Duarte","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Polym Sci"},{"unstructured":"Strathmann H, editor. Synthetic membranes and their preparation, In: Synthetic Membranes: Science, Engineering and Applications, Bungay, Lonsdale, Pinho editors, NATO ASI Series, Series C, vol. 181, Dordrecht; 1983, p. 1\u201339. (ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8596-0).","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib30"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(96)00252-9","article-title":"Interfacially synthesized thin film composite RO membranes for seawater desalination","volume":"124","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.03.004","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of interfacially polymerized polyamide thin films","volume":"191","author":"Roh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.11.038","article-title":"Impacts of reaction and curing conditions on polyamide composite reverse osmosis membrane properties","volume":"311","author":"Ghosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.07.037","article-title":"Preparation of thin-film-composite polyamide membranes for desalination using novel hydrophilic surface modifying macromolecules","volume":"325","author":"Tarboush","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.12.014","article-title":"Influence of the diamine structure on the nanofiltration performance, surface morphology and surface charge of the composite polyamide membranes","volume":"279","author":"Verissimo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.03.386","article-title":"Polyamide thin-film composite membranes prepared by interfacial polymerization for pervaporation separation","volume":"200","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.12.051","article-title":"Interfacially polymerized hydrophilic microporous thin film composite membranes on porous polypropylene hollow fibers and flat films","volume":"279","author":"Korikov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.04.002","article-title":"Study on a novel polyester composite nanofiltration membrane by interfacial polymerization of triethanolamine (TEOA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC): I. Preparation, characterization and nanofiltration properties test of membrane","volume":"320","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(04)90037-9","article-title":"Nanofiltration thin-film-composite polyesteramide membranes based on bulky diols","volume":"161","author":"Razdan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1039\/b924553g","article-title":"Recent developments in reverse osmosis desalination membranes","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mater Chem"},{"unstructured":"Ghosh A.K.,. et al. Composite polyamide Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes - recent developments and future directions. Barc Newsletter. Technology Development Article 2011;321.","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib41"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes2040706","article-title":"Membranes for environmentally friendly energy processes","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"year":"2004","series-title":"Membrane Technology and Applications","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib43"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.07.035","article-title":"Chemical and physical aspects of cleaning of organic-fouled reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"272","author":"Ang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2010.06.052","article-title":"Chemical cleaning of biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"362","author":"Creber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.04.089","article-title":"Mini-review on membrane fouling","volume":"122","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2005.02.010","article-title":"Effect of permeate flux and tangential flow on membrane fouling for wastewater treatment","volume":"45","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)80639-0","article-title":"Evaluation of process models for fouling control of reverse osmosis of cheese whey","volume":"58","author":"Van Boxtel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib49","series-title":"Membrane Processes in Water Treatment","article-title":"Mass transport and permeate flux and fouling in pressure driven processes","author":"Wiesner","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1039\/ft9959103389","article-title":"Theory of concentration polarization in cross-flow filtration","volume":"91","author":"Song","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Chem Soc Faraday Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(96)00351-1","article-title":"Role of membrane surface morphology in colloidal fouling of cellulose acetate and composite aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"127","author":"Elimelech","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Membrane Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10273","DOI":"10.1021\/es203197e","article-title":"Performance limiting effects in power generation from salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis","volume":"45","author":"Yip","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.09.026","article-title":"Impacts of salinity on the performance of high retention membrane bioreactors for water reclamation: a review","volume":"44","author":"Lay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2009.02.056","article-title":"Inorganic fouling of pressure-driven membrane processes - a critical review","volume":"250","author":"Shirazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib55","series-title":"Synthetic Membranes and Membrane Separation Processes","isbn-type":"print","author":"Matsuura","year":"1994","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9780849342028"},{"unstructured":"The American Heritage Science Dictionary, Houghton Mifflin Company, via dictionary.com. [accessed 20.01.13].","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib56"},{"unstructured":"Desalination, Shaping the Future of New York. Available from: de <http:\/\/macaulay.cuny.edu\/eportfolios\/tomkiewiczs10\/?page_id=552>; 2014 [accessed 17.02.14].","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib57"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0907-118","article-title":"Fresh from the sea","volume":"297","author":"Fischetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"unstructured":"BInhai New Area Emily, Thinglink. Available from: <http:\/\/www.thinglink.com\/scene\/378440837144510464> [accessed 21.02.14].","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib59"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8193","DOI":"10.1021\/es801330u","article-title":"Energy issues in desalination processes","volume":"42","author":"Semiat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.06.017","article-title":"Pressure retarded osmosis: from the vision of Sidney Loeb to the first prototype installation - Review","volume":"261","author":"Achilli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.07.006","article-title":"Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: an experimental and theoretical investigation","volume":"343","author":"Achilli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"unstructured":"Su, R. The elixir of life: generating electricity from water. Available from: <http:\/\/www.yalescientific.org\/2013\/02\/the-elixir-of-life-generating-electricity-from-water\/>; 2013 [accessed 19.02.14].","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib63"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"She Q, Jin X, Tang CY. Osmotic power production from salinity gradient resource by pressure retarded osmosis: effects of operating conditions and reverse solute diffusion. J Membr Sci; 401\u2013402, 262\u2013273. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.02.014.","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.02.014"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.02.013","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of flat-sheet thin film composite forward osmosis membranes","volume":"372","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorsen T, Holt T. The potential for power production from salinity gradients by pressure retarded osmosis. J Membr Sci 335:103-110. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.03.003.","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.03.003"},{"volume":"vol. 2","year":"2010","author":"Nijmeijer","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib67"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)82088-8","article-title":"Membranes for power-generation by pressure-retarded osmosis","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Memb Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.02.080","article-title":"Membrane processes in energy supply for an osmotic power plant","volume":"224","author":"Gerstandt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.05.048","article-title":"Forward osmosis: principles, applications, and recent developments","volume":"281","author":"Cath","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1021\/es1002555","article-title":"High performance thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane","volume":"44","author":"Yip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4360","DOI":"10.1021\/es104325z","article-title":"Thin-film composite pressure retarded osmosis membranes for sustainable power generation from salinity gradients","volume":"45","author":"Yip","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.11.013","article-title":"Effect of draw solution concentration and operating conditions on forward osmosis and pressure retarded osmosis performance in a spiral wound module","volume":"348","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"unstructured":"Tofte prototype plant. Available from: <http:\/\/www.statkraft.com\/energy-sources\/osmoticpower\/prototype\/> (accessed on 16.10.12).","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib74"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2010.1759","article-title":"Osmotic power - a new, renewable energy source","volume":"15","author":"Skilhagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalin Water Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11477","article-title":"Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water","volume":"488","author":"Logan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ee01913a","article-title":"Membrane-based production of salinity-gradient power","volume":"4","author":"Ramon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(98)00122-2","article-title":"The early history of reverse osmosis membrane development","volume":"117","author":"Glater","year":"1998","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"year":"1748","author":"Nollet","series-title":"Le\u00e7ons de Physique Exp\u00e9rimentale","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib79"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib80","article-title":"The Loeb-Sourirajan membrane: How it came about","volume":"vol. 153","author":"Loeb","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2004.08.039","article-title":"Membrane contactor processes for wastewater reclamation in space: Part I. Direct osmotic concentration as pre-treatment for reverse osmosis","volume":"257","author":"Cath","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0260-8774(00)00216-8","article-title":"Osmotic treatments (OT) and problems related to the solution management","volume":"49","author":"Rosa Dalla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib83","first-page":"64","article-title":"Duros\u00ae osmotic pharmaceutical systems for parenteral & site-directed therapy","volume":"3","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Dev Deliv"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.05.054","article-title":"Forward osmosis for concentration of anaerobic digester centrate","volume":"41","author":"Holloway","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5869","DOI":"10.1021\/ie100438x","article-title":"Highly water-soluble magnetic nanoparticles as novel draw solutes in forward osmosis for water reuse","volume":"49","author":"Ling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2004.11.002","article-title":"A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process","volume":"174","author":"Mccutcheon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"unstructured":"Batchelder, G.W. 1965. Process for the demineralization of water. U.S. Patent 3,171,799,3.","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib87"},{"unstructured":"Mandell A., Mcginniss R. Guest post: desalination realization. Greentech Media Home Page. Available from: <http:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/>; 2011 (accessed 11.03.13). http:\/\/www.greentechmedia.com\/authors\/.","key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib88"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200488","article-title":"The future of seawater desalination: energy, technology, and the environment","volume":"333","author":"Elimelech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.12.023","article-title":"Recent developments in forward osmosis: opportunities and challenges","volume":"396","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.12.019","article-title":"Forward osmosis processes: yesterday, today and tomorrow","volume":"287","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9824","DOI":"10.1021\/es202576h","article-title":"Forward with osmosis: emerging applications for greater sustainability","volume":"45","author":"Hoover","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.02.022","article-title":"The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor: A low fouling alternative to mbr processes","volume":"239","author":"Achilli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2012.07.004","article-title":"Emerging forward osmosis (FO) technologies and challenges ahead for clean water and clean energy applications","volume":"1","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Chem Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2012.09.014","article-title":"Substrate modifications and alcohol treatment on thin film composite membranes for osmotic power","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem Eng Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2005.10.048","article-title":"Desalination by a novel ammonia - carbon dioxide forward osmosis process: influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance","volume":"278","author":"Mccutcheon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"}],"container-title":["Smart Composite Coatings and Membranes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9781782422839000129?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:B9781782422839000129?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T10:39:50Z","timestamp":1567334390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9781782422839000129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"ISBN":["9781782422839"],"references-count":96,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-1-78242-283-9.00012-9","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}