{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:52:56Z","timestamp":1791582776721,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001747","name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["archives-pmr.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:11:42Z","timestamp":1787929902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Aquatic Tai Chi and Computer-Assisted Rehabilitation Environment-Based Virtual Reality Training on Rehabilitation in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Xiaozhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3124-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianhui","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihe","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiao","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","article-title":"The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pzab302","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab302","article-title":"Physical therapist management of Parkinson disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American Physical Therapy Association","volume":"102","author":"Osborne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320952799","article-title":"Physiotherapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of present treatment modalities","volume":"34","author":"Radder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01429-0","article-title":"Medical, surgical, and physical treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"403","author":"Foltynie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.128","article-title":"Long-term effects of exercise and physical therapy in people with Parkinson disease","volume":"13","author":"Mak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0008","article-title":"Physical exercise for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Ernst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.02.003","article-title":"Aquatic exercise improves motor impairments in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease, with similar or greater benefits than land-based exercise: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Cugusi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.12.006","article-title":"Aquatic exercise therapy for people with Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517715763","article-title":"Aquatic obstacle training improves freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.10.023","article-title":"Effects of dual-task aquatic exercises on functional mobility, balance and gait of individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized clinical trial with a 3-month follow-up","volume":"42","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1066718","article-title":"Effects of aquatic exercise on the improvement of lower-extremity motor function and quality of life in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.24.08166-8","article-title":"Distinct effects of long-term Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise interventions on motor and neurocognitive performance in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.02.005","article-title":"Tai Chi improves balance and mobility in people with Parkinson disease","volume":"28","author":"Hackney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107911","article-title":"Tai chi and postural stability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"366","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.150207","article-title":"Water-based Tai Chi: theoretical benefits in musculoskeletal diseases. Current evidence","volume":"11","author":"Mac\u00edas-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2017.12.001","article-title":"A bicentric controlled study on the effects of aquatic Ai Chi in Parkinson disease","volume":"36","author":"P\u00e9rez-de la Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1276972","article-title":"Effects of Ai Chi on balance, quality of life, functional mobility, and motor impairment in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Kurt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/PXT.0000000000000023","article-title":"Ai Chi for balance and gait in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study","volume":"31","author":"So","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Aquat Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634378","article-title":"Virtual rehabilitation\u2013benefits and challenges","volume":"42","author":"Burdea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0022","article-title":"Virtual reality for rehabilitation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Dockx","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29299-0","article-title":"The effect of Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) in cognitive impairment and coping strategies in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a preliminary study","volume":"13","author":"Formica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988718807973","article-title":"What about the role of virtual reality in Parkinson disease\u2019s cognitive rehabilitation? Preliminary findings from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Maggio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq201","article-title":"Virtual reality for gait training: can it induce motor learning to enhance complex walking and reduce fall risk in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"66","author":"Mirelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-022-02147-0","article-title":"The effects of augmented and virtual reality gait training on balance and gait in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"123","author":"Gulcan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191784","article-title":"Is aquatic therapy optimally prescribed for Parkinson\u2019s disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Carroll","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090126","article-title":"Minimal detectable change of the timed \u201cup & go\u201d test and the dynamic gait index in people with Parkinson disease","volume":"91","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514536060","article-title":"Comparing the effects of hydrotherapy and land-based therapy on balance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Volpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0030","first-page":"268","article-title":"Chinese diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease (2016 edition)","volume":"49","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0031","first-page":"745","article-title":"Chinese expert consensus on rehabilitation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Rehabil Theory Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.12.011","article-title":"Reduced muscle power is associated with slower walking velocity and falls in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21922","article-title":"The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Goodwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0034","first-page":"404","article-title":"Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"3","author":"Fox","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.05.017","article-title":"Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications","volume":"1","author":"Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10473","article-title":"The Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): Status and recommendations","volume":"18","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.005","article-title":"Validating the Berg Balance Scale for patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a key to rehabilitation evaluation","volume":"86","author":"Qutubuddin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.166.1.at1102","article-title":"ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test","volume":"166","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0040","first-page":"172","article-title":"Use of force platform variables to quantify the effects of chiropractic manipulation on gait symmetry","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.12.013","article-title":"Identifying gait asymmetry using gyroscopes\u2013a cross-correlation and Normalized Symmetry Index approach","volume":"44","author":"Gouwanda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.551","article-title":"Stride length regulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Normalization strategies and underlying mechanisms","volume":"119","author":"Morris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3147408","article-title":"Gait dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: common and distinct behavior among stride length, gait variability, and fractal-like scaling","volume":"19","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.200X.097923","article-title":"Cueing training in the home improves gait-related mobility in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the RESCUE trial","volume":"78","author":"Nieuwboer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.10.026","article-title":"Cueing and gait improvement among people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Spaulding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2005.06.013","article-title":"Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking in shallow water and on land","volume":"16","author":"Barela","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00070-4","article-title":"Determination of hydrodynamic drag forces and drag coefficients on human leg\/foot model during knee exercise","volume":"15","author":"P\u00f6yh\u00f6nen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0048","article-title":"The role of augmented feedback on motor learning: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Moinuddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153135","article-title":"Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control","volume":"33","author":"Shadmehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0955-7","article-title":"A new measure for quantifying the bilateral coordination of human gait: effects of aging and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"181","author":"Plotnik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.2.187","article-title":"Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999326008907?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003999326008907?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:10:03Z","timestamp":1791580203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003999326008907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0003999326008907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of Aquatic Tai Chi and Computer-Assisted Rehabilitation Environment-Based Virtual Reality Training on Rehabilitation in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2026.08.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}