{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:11:51Z","timestamp":1778505111711,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K20693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K20693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24KJ2233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KJ2233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K21196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K21196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008040","name":"Kao Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18dk0110021h0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18dk0110021h0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15dk0207004h0203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15dk0207004h0203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["27\\u201322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\\u201322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T16:57:31Z","timestamp":1764003451000},"page":"106095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Timing of daily physical activity and onset of depressive symptoms: A longitudinal cohort study of community-dwelling older adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"142","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5762-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masanori","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiharu","family":"Nishijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kakita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuto","family":"Okuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Soma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Yamashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Takayanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0001","article-title":"Is overall and timing-specific physical activity associated with depression in older adults?","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0002","series-title":"Functional data analysis with r","author":"Crainiceanu","year":"2024"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","article-title":"The STROBE guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Cuschieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi journal of anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-025-01724-9","article-title":"Contexts, affective and physical states and their variations during physical activity in older adults: An intensive longitudinal study with sensor-triggered event-based ecological momentary assessments","volume":"22","author":"Delobelle","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22949","article-title":"Sleep, circadian rhythm, and physical activity patterns in depressive and anxiety disorders: A 2-week ambulatory assessment study","volume":"36","author":"Difrancesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Depression and anxiety"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2015.08.002","article-title":"Aging and Circadian Rhythms","volume":"10","author":"Duffy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep medicine clinics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-023-00328-1","article-title":"Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: Melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults","volume":"42","author":"Eto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of physiological anthropology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06217.x","article-title":"Performance of case-finding tools for depression in the nursing home: Influence of clinical and functional characteristics and selection of optimal threshold scores","volume":"42","author":"Gerety","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11556-013-0132-x","article-title":"Accelerometry analysis of physical activity and sedentary behavior in older adults: A systematic review and data analysis","volume":"11","author":"Gorman","year":"2014","journal-title":"European review of aging and physical activity : Official journal of the European Group for Research into Elderly and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2004.12.001","article-title":"Light-induced melatonin suppression: Age-related reduction in response to short wavelength light","volume":"40","author":"Herljevic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad033","article-title":"The dim light melatonin onset across ages, methodologies, and sex and its relationship with morningness\/eveningness","volume":"46","author":"Kennaway","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610224002564","article-title":"P23: Association of exercise with melatonin level in community- dwelling older adults","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000443","article-title":"Exercise time cues (zeitgebers) for human circadian systems can foster health and improve performance: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ open sport & exercise medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318186bd67","article-title":"Screening performance of the 15-item geriatric depression scale in a diverse elderly home care population","volume":"16","author":"Marc","year":"2008","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864","article-title":"Web site and R package for computing E-values","volume":"29","author":"Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0016","series-title":"Package \u2018missRanger\u2019","author":"Mayer","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00952-w","article-title":"Level and timing of physical activity during normal daily life in depressed and non-depressed individuals","volume":"10","author":"Minaeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18759-5","article-title":"Twenty-four-hour physical activity patterns associated with depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional study using big data-machine learning approach","volume":"24","author":"Nawrin","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020549","article-title":"Characterizing Behavioral Activity Rhythms in Older Adults Using Actigraphy","volume":"20","author":"Neikrug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii13","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw465","article-title":"Relative risk versus absolute risk: One cannot be interpreted without the other","volume":"32","author":"Noordzij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.04.017","article-title":"Treatment resistant late-life depression: A narrative review of psychosocial risk factors, non-pharmacological interventions, and the role of clinical phenotyping","volume":"356","author":"Patrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of affective disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609","article-title":"Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Pearce","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5219","article-title":"Depression in older adults","volume":"343","author":"Rodda","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5219","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5219","article-title":"Depression in older adults","volume":"343","author":"Rodda","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0025","first-page":"40","article-title":"meta: An R package for meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"R news"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0026","article-title":"Effects of exercise on circadian rhythms in humans [Review]","volume":"14 - 2023","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1282357","article-title":"Effects of exercise on circadian rhythms in humans","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in pharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0685-2","article-title":"Impact of Cognitive Frailty on Daily Activities in Older Persons","volume":"20","author":"Shimada","year":"2016","journal-title":"The journal of nutrition, health & aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.053","article-title":"Usefulness of the 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) for classifying minor and major depressive disorders among community-dwelling elders","volume":"259","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.069","article-title":"Evaluating the timing of differences in activity related to depression symptoms across adulthood in the United States","volume":"284","author":"Smagula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of affective disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2573","article-title":"Association of 24-Hour Activity Pattern Phenotypes With Depression Symptoms and Cognitive Performance in Aging","volume":"79","author":"Smagula","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS313","article-title":"Matching methods for causal inference: A review and a look forward","volume":"25","author":"Stuart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Statistical science : A review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2016.1199452","article-title":"A validity and reliability study of the Japanese version of the geriatric depression scale 15 (GDS-15-J)","volume":"40","author":"Sugishita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical gerontologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0034","first-page":"595","article-title":"Effects of the time-of-day (morning vs. afternoon) of implementing a combined physical and cognitive exercise program on cognitive functions and mood of older adults: A randomized controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii \/ Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk, Gerontologicheskoe obshchestvo"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.30523","article-title":"Social Participation and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults","volume":"8","author":"Takemura","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05118-7","article-title":"Optimal dose and type of exercise to improve depressive symptoms in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1048496","article-title":"Interventions simultaneously promoting social participation and physical activity in community living older adults: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Tcymbal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in public health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.01.151","article-title":"Timing of physical activity, genetic predisposition, and incident depression: An accelerometer-based prospective cohort study","volume":"376","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0039","series-title":"Outcome-wide longitudinal designs for causal inference: A new template for empirical studies","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2020"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9220","DOI":"10.3390\/app12189220","article-title":"The Impact of Physical Activity on the Circadian System: Benefits for Health, Performance and Wellbeing","volume":"12","author":"Weinert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0041","series-title":"Depressive disorder (depression)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0042","series-title":"Depressive disorder (depression)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0043","series-title":"Ageing and health","year":"2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/30907","article-title":"Screening Depressive Symptoms and Incident Major Depressive Disorder Among Chinese Community Residents Using a Mobile App\u2013Based Integrated Mental Health Care Model: Cohort Study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095_bib0045","article-title":"PSweight: An R package for propensity score weighting analysis","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"}],"container-title":["Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167494325003528?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167494325003528?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:32:36Z","timestamp":1778502756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167494325003528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0167494325003528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-4943"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-4943","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Timing of daily physical activity and onset of depressive symptoms: A longitudinal cohort study of community-dwelling older adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2025.106095","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106095"}}