{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T04:01:09Z","timestamp":1771992069778,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T19:11:53Z","timestamp":1749496313000},"page":"105516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["From code to archetype: Toward a unified theory of biological, neural, and artificial artifacts"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"254","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9109-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Major","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib1","series-title":"The Semantic Theory of Evolution","author":"Barbieri","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib2","series-title":"The Organic Codes: an Introduction to Semantic Biology","author":"Barbieri","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1\/4","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib3","first-page":"233","article-title":"Life and semiosis: the real nature of information and meaning","volume":"158","author":"Barbieri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semiotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-008-0368-x","article-title":"Biosemiotics: a new understanding of life","volume":"95","author":"Barbieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib5","series-title":"Code Biology: A New Science of Life","author":"Barbieri","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2017.10.005","article-title":"What is code biology?","volume":"164","author":"Barbieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib7","series-title":"Codes and Evolution: the Origin of Absolute Novelties","author":"Barbieri","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib8","series-title":"Beyond the Brain: How Body and Environment Shape Animal and Human Minds","author":"Barrett","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib9","series-title":"Proceedings Of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT\u201921)","first-page":"610","article-title":"On the dangers of stochastic parrots: can language models be too big?","author":"Bender","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib10","series-title":"Synchronicity: Nature and Psyche in an Interconnected Universe","author":"Cambray","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib11","series-title":"The Hero with a Thousand Faces","author":"Campbell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib12","series-title":"Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences: A New Vision for Analytical Psychology","author":"Clark","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib13","series-title":"The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures","author":"Damasio","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib14","series-title":"On the Origin of Species: by Means of Natural Selection","author":"Darwin","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib15","first-page":"529","article-title":"Desafios do evolucionismo ao cristianismo","volume":"169","author":"Dinis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Broteria"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib16","series-title":"Signifying Bodies: Biosemiosis, Interaction and Health","first-page":"75","article-title":"From my-self to our-selves: the debate on the relational turn in contemporary culture","author":"Dinis","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib17","series-title":"The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere Is Reshaping Human Reality","author":"Floridi","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib18","series-title":"The Logic of Information: A Theory of Philosophy as Conceptual Design","author":"Floridi","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib19","series-title":"Developmental Biology","author":"Gilbert","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105285","article-title":"The innate story code","volume":"244","author":"Goodwyn","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib21","series-title":"The Neurobiology of the Gods: How Brain Physiology Shapes the Recurrent Imagery of Myth and Dreams","author":"Goodwyn","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib22","series-title":"Homology: the Hierarchical Basis of Comparative Biology","author":"Hall","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib23","article-title":"Never summon a power you can't control: Yuval Noah Harari on AI","author":"Harari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Guardian"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib24","article-title":"How do we share the planet with this new superintelligence?","author":"Harari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wired (San Franc., Calif.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib25","series-title":"Man and His Symbols","first-page":"104","article-title":"Ancient myths and modern man","author":"Henderson","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib26","first-page":"94","article-title":"Charles Peirce's philosophy and the intersection between biosemiotics and the philosophy of biology","volume":"19","author":"Higuera","year":"2024","journal-title":"BiolTheory"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8774.2005.00531.x","article-title":"The Self, the symbolic and synchronicity: virtual realities and the emergence of the psyche","volume":"50","author":"Hogenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anal. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib28","series-title":"The structure and dynamics of the psyche (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.; 2nd ed., Vol. 8\/2)","author":"Jung","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib29","series-title":"The archetypes and the collective unconscious (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.; 2nd ed., Vol. 9\/1)","author":"Jung","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib30","series-title":"Archetype, Attachment, Analysis: Jungian Psychology and the Emergent Mind","author":"Knox","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib31","article-title":"Building machines that learn and think like people","volume":"40","author":"Lake","year":"2017","journal-title":"BBS (Behav. Brain. Sci.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib32","series-title":"We Have Never Been Modern","author":"Latour","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib33","series-title":"Brain, Symbol & Experience: toward a Neurophenomenology of Human Consciousness","author":"Laughlin","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib34","series-title":"Signifying Bodies: Biosemiosis, Interaction and Health","first-page":"101","article-title":"States of becoming","author":"Major","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2021.104501","article-title":"Archetypes and codebiology","volume":"208","author":"Major","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib36","series-title":"Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences: A New Vision for Analytical Psychology","article-title":"Review Essay on gary clark's book","author":"Major","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib37","series-title":"Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust","author":"Marcus","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib38","series-title":"Les complements amodaux des structures perceptives","author":"Michotte","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib39","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669518788887","article-title":"The importance of amodal completion in everyday perception","volume":"9","author":"Nanay","year":"2018","journal-title":"I-Perception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib41","series-title":"The Great Mother: an Analysis of the Archetype","author":"Neumann","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib42","series-title":"On the Nature of Limbs: A Discourse","author":"Owen","year":"1849"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib43","series-title":"The Cognitive-Emotional Brain: from Interactions to Integration","author":"Pessoa","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2023.104907","article-title":"Nothing in evolution makes sense except in the light of code biology","volume":"229","author":"Prinz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib45","series-title":"Consciousness and Language","author":"Searle","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2025.03.001","article-title":"Neural coding: foundational concepts, statistical formulations, and recent advances","volume":"214","author":"Shimazaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib47","series-title":"Jung's Map of the Soul: an Introduction","author":"Stein","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib48","series-title":"Jung: A Very Short Introduction","author":"Stevens","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib49","series-title":"Archetype Revisited: an Updated Natural History of the Self","author":"Stevens","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib50","series-title":"The Neganthropocene","author":"Stiegler","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib51","article-title":"Brain-computer interface paradigms and neural coding","volume":"17","author":"Tai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib52","series-title":"The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience","author":"Varela","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2023.105059","article-title":"Revisiting Carl Jung's archetype theory: a psychobiological approach","volume":"234","author":"Vedor","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioSystems"}],"container-title":["BioSystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303264725001261?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303264725001261?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T20:34:29Z","timestamp":1763066069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0303264725001261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0303264725001261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516","relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-2647"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-2647","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From code to archetype: Toward a unified theory of biological, neural, and artificial artifacts","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"BioSystems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biosystems.2025.105516","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105516"}}