{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:40:33Z","timestamp":1774014033970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFRI - 2318123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFRI - 2318123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cement and Concrete Composites"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T01:28:44Z","timestamp":1770859724000},"page":"106506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Rheological and mechanical properties of carbon-negative 3D printed mortar using functionalized biochar"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8499-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishad","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4570-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudipto","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Warda","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105533","article-title":"A review of the current progress and application of 3D printed concrete","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s43452-020-00038-w","article-title":"A critical review of 3D printing in construction: benefits, challenges, and risks","volume":"20","author":"El-Sayegh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104156","article-title":"Sustainable materials for 3D concrete printing","volume":"122","author":"Bhattacherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108018","article-title":"Modelling and parameter optimization for filament deformation in 3D cementitious material printing using support vector machine","volume":"193","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.08.026","article-title":"Additive construction: State-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities","volume":"72","author":"Labonnote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. ConStruct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib6","unstructured":"3PRINTR.com, 3D Concrete Printing Market to Reach $ 56.4 Million by 2021, https:\/\/www.3printr.com\/3d-concrete-printing-market-reach-56-4-million-2021-1239664\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/319\/1\/012061","article-title":"Cost viability of 3D printed house in UK","volume":"319","author":"Tobi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib8","article-title":"Life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental sustainability of cementitious materials for 3D concrete printing: a systematic literature review","volume":"52","author":"Tinoco","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.04.005","article-title":"Rheological requirements for printable concretes","volume":"112","author":"Roussel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10919","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c03018","article-title":"CO2 -Driven additive manufacturing of sustainable steel slag mortars","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138521","article-title":"Feasibility analysis of 3D printed concrete with sludge incineration slag: mechanical properties and environmental impacts","volume":"449","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131674","article-title":"Emergy-accounting-based comparison of carbon emissions of solid waste recycled concrete","volume":"387","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103546","article-title":"A desorptivity-based approach for the assessment of phase separation during extrusion of cementitious materials","volume":"108","author":"Rahul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112580","article-title":"Potential of reusing 3D printed concrete (3DPC) fine recycled aggregates as a strategy towards decreasing cement content in 3DPC","volume":"17","author":"Skibicki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2024.105475","article-title":"3D printed concrete with sewage sludge ash: fresh and hardened properties","volume":"148","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103708","article-title":"Effect of different grade levels of calcined clays on fresh and hardened properties of ternary-blended cementitious materials for 3D printing","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.3390\/en13102639","article-title":"Rheology and mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer mortars with ground granulated blast furnace slag addition","volume":"13","author":"Sitarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.139143","article-title":"Functionalized biochar for carbon neutral\/negative cementitious composites with superior performances","volume":"458","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"Jul","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib21","article-title":"Towards sustainable industrial application of carbon-negative concrete: synergistic carbon-capture by concrete washout water and biochar","volume":"342","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084633","article-title":"Toward carbon-neutral concrete through biochar\u2013cement\u2013calcium carbonate composites: a critical review","volume":"14","author":"Winters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-005-9006-5","article-title":"Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems \u2013 a review","volume":"11","author":"Lehmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strategies Glob. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.08.041","article-title":"The prospective use of biochar as adsorption matrix \u2013 a review from a lifecycle perspective","volume":"246","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143118","article-title":"High-carbon-content biochar from chemical manufacturing plant sludge for effective removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous media","volume":"364","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12885","article-title":"How biochar works, and when it doesn't: a review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar","volume":"13","author":"Joseph","year":"2021","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32819-7","article-title":"Microspectroscopic visualization of how biochar lifts the soil organic carbon ceiling","volume":"13","author":"Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.09.030","article-title":"An overview of the effect of pyrolysis process parameters on biochar stability","volume":"270","author":"Leng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.12.009","article-title":"Use of biochar as carbon sequestering additive in cement mortar","volume":"87","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13178","article-title":"Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.03.145","article-title":"Ultrasound cavitation intensified amine functionalization: a feasible strategy for enhancing CO2 capture capacity of biochar","volume":"225","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib32","article-title":"Biochar-concrete: a comprehensive review of properties, production and sustainability","volume":"20","author":"Barbhuiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"issue":"Mar","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib33","article-title":"Biochar-augmented carbon-negative concrete","volume":"431","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115103","article-title":"A systematic experimental study on biochar-cementitious composites: towards carbon sequestration","volume":"184","author":"Sikora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106383","article-title":"Enhancing interface adhesion of 3D printable concrete by biochar integration","volume":"166","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s43246-024-00700-3","article-title":"Biochar-augmented climate-positive 3D printable concrete","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib37","article-title":"3D printing of ordinary Portland cement with waste wood derived biochar obtained from gasification","volume":"18","author":"Vergara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib38","article-title":"Designing printable cement composites with porous biochar using an extended water film thickness theory","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150884","article-title":"Carbonaceous admixtures in cementitious building materials: effect of particle size blending on rheology, packing, early age properties and processing energy demand","volume":"807","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"Apr","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib40","article-title":"Bio-inspired functionalization of very fine aggregates for better performance of cementitious materials","volume":"241","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"Nov","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib41","article-title":"Role of biopolymers in enhancing multiscale characteristics of carbonation-cured cementitious composites","volume":"134","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.095","article-title":"Effect of water entrainment by pre-soaked biochar particles on strength and permeability of cement mortar","volume":"159","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib43","article-title":"Promoting internal curing in concrete by replacing sand with sustainable biochar","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103516","article-title":"The role of limestone and calcined clay on the rheological properties of LC3","volume":"107","author":"Muzenda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41529-025-00652-0","article-title":"Evaluation of low-carbon cementitious composites in marine environment for coastal protection and artificial reef substrate","volume":"9","author":"Tahsin","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Mater. Degrad."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2012.03.011","article-title":"Relation between the molecular structure and the efficiency of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) as concrete admixture to mitigate autogenous shrinkage","volume":"42","author":"Schr\u00f6fl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.109619","article-title":"Effect of sulphoaluminate cement on fresh and hardened properties of 3D printing foamed concrete","volume":"232","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2023.111079","article-title":"Mechanical strengths and optical properties of translucent concrete manufactured by mortar-extrusion 3D printing with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) fibers","volume":"268","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107290","article-title":"Extrusion and rheology characterization of geopolymer nanocomposites used in 3D printing","volume":"176","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.185","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of one-part geopolymers for extrusion based 3D concrete printing","volume":"220","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2024.107551","article-title":"Rheology, 3D printing, and particle interactions of xanthan gum-clay binder for earth concrete","volume":"182","author":"Maierdan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104897","article-title":"Effect of metakaolin utilization ratio and loop method-pre-shearing process variation on rheological properties of cementitious systems having different C3A content","volume":"136","author":"Biricik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137358","article-title":"Alterations in rheo-viscoelastic properties of cement composites with biochar incorporation as bio-based admixture","volume":"439","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.110075","article-title":"Influence of HPMC and SF on buildability of 3D printing foam concrete: from water state and flocculation point of view","volume":"242","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104158","article-title":"Influence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and silica fume on stability, rheological properties, and printability of 3D printing foam concrete","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib57","article-title":"\u201cStandard Test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or [50-mm]","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cube Specimens)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122586","article-title":"Effect of polyethylene fiber content on workability and mechanical-anisotropic properties of 3D printed ultra-high ductile concrete","volume":"281","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib59","series-title":"Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-point Loading)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.06.057","article-title":"Compared environmental and economic impact from cradle to gate of concrete with natural and recycled coarse aggregates","volume":"162","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11099","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c08555","article-title":"Unveiling the carbon footprint reduction potential of cementitious composites: CO2 sequestration in a lime-clay binder incorporating medium-grade clay","volume":"12","author":"Tahsin","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130847","article-title":"Impact of service life and system boundaries on life cycle assessment of sustainable concrete mixes","volume":"342","author":"Pradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib63","series-title":"Eco-Efficient Construction and Building Materials","first-page":"199","article-title":"Assessing the environmental impact of conventional and \u2018green\u2019 cement production","author":"Habert","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119564","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of biochar produced from forest residues using portable systems","volume":"250","author":"Puettmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-022-00182-x","article-title":"Biochar as construction materials for achieving carbon neutrality","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1021\/ef502023y","article-title":"Process simulation development of fast pyrolysis of wood using aspen plus","volume":"29","author":"Onarheim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13826","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c03831","article-title":"Carbon sequestration of Silica-rich biochar in cement accompanied by the pozzolanic effect","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125186","article-title":"Fresh properties of 3D printed mortar with recycled powder","volume":"309","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2013.07.007","article-title":"The rheological properties of ternary binders containing Portland cement, limestone, and metakaolin or fly ash","volume":"52","author":"Vance","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106040","article-title":"Improving printability of limestone-calcined clay-based cementitious materials by using viscosity-modifying admixture","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib71","article-title":"Enhancing workability of high-volume calcined clay blend cement pastes through optimized addition sequences of PCE superplasticizer","volume":"21","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9706","DOI":"10.1039\/D5GC01405K","article-title":"Engineering low-carbon fiber cement with biochar: understanding its physicochemical properties and their impact on the composite performance and carbon footprint","volume":"27","author":"Raghunath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2019.102262","article-title":"Rheological characterization of the viscoelastic solid-like properties of fresh cement pastes with nanoclay addition","volume":"103","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16040482","article-title":"Rheological and flexural strength characteristics of cement mixtures through the synergistic effects of graphene oxide and PVA fibers","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.03.005","article-title":"New approach to assess build-up of cement-based suspensions","volume":"85","author":"Mostafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.022","article-title":"Experimental and modeling study on the non-linear structural build-up of fresh cement pastes incorporating viscosity modifying admixtures","volume":"108","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.09.004","article-title":"The origins of thixotropy of fresh cement pastes","volume":"42","author":"Roussel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.105994","article-title":"Impact of physical and physicochemical properties of supplementary cementitious materials on structural build-up of cement-based pastes","volume":"130","author":"Navarrete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106316","article-title":"Mechanisms dominating thixotropy in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)","volume":"140","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001965","article-title":"Blended cements with limestone filler and kaolinitic calcined clay: filler and pozzolanic effects","volume":"29","author":"Tironi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)01087-6","article-title":"Limestone filler cement in low w\/c concrete: a rational use of energy","volume":"33","author":"Bonavetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106384","article-title":"Fiber orientation effects on ultra-high performance concrete formed by 3D printing","volume":"143","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.123","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material","volume":"209","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib85","first-page":"24022415","article-title":"Engineered production of biochar as concrete additives and its role in carbon-negative cementitious composites","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Resourc. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106334","article-title":"Effectiveness of PCE superplasticizers in calcined clay blended cements","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cement Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506_bib87","article-title":"Valorization of kaolin mining waste from the amazon region (Brazil) for the low-carbon cement production","volume":"15","author":"da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."}],"container-title":["Cement and Concrete Composites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0958946526000466?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0958946526000466?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T11:04:58Z","timestamp":1774004698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0958946526000466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["S0958946526000466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506","relation":{},"ISSN":["0958-9465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0958-9465","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rheological and mechanical properties of carbon-negative 3D printed mortar using functionalized biochar","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Cement and Concrete Composites","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2026.106506","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106506"}}