{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:51:39Z","timestamp":1767401499798,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.07856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalnutritionespen.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T03:51:42Z","timestamp":1754452302000},"page":"599-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Four days of a moderate dose of caffeine does not alter raw bioelectrical impedance analysis parameters in healthy males"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00faben","family":"Francisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gil B.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro B.","family":"J\u00fadice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 D.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds B.","family":"Sardinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henry C.","family":"Lukaski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Analiza M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.4.810","article-title":"Assessment of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance measurements of the human body","volume":"41","author":"Lukaski","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13966","article-title":"Validity of water compartments estimated using bioimpedance spectroscopy in athletes differing in hydration status","volume":"31","author":"Francisco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scandin J Med Sci in Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040809","article-title":"Classification of hydration in clinical conditions: indirect and direct approaches using bioimpedance","volume":"11","author":"Lukaski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09790-9","article-title":"Phase angle in localized bioimpedance measurements to assess and monitor muscle injury","volume":"24","author":"Nescolarde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Endocrine Metabol Disorder"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14443","article-title":"Prediction of body water compartments by raw bioelectrical impedance parameters in athletes: Comparison between series and parallel measurements","volume":"33","author":"Francisco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scandin J Med Sci in Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2024.112414","article-title":"Comparison of series and parallel reactance to identify changes in intracellular water in response to physical training in athletes during a sports season","volume":"123","author":"Francisco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.09.012","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis\u2014part II: utilization in clinical practice","volume":"23","author":"Kyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinl Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12259","article-title":"Impact of eating and drinking on body composition measurements by bioelectrical impedance","volume":"28","author":"Androutsos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of human nutrition and dietetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.3.524S","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis in body composition measurement: National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference Statement","volume":"64","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111772","article-title":"Caffeine in the diet: country-level consumption and guidelines","volume":"10","author":"Reyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib11","first-page":"485","article-title":"Mechanisms of caffeine-induced diuresis","volume":"32","author":"Marx","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci: M\/S"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115595227","article-title":"Body composition tools for assessment of adult malnutrition at the bedside: a tutorial on research considerations and clinical applications","volume":"39","author":"Earthman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parent Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.15.3.252","article-title":"Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption","volume":"15","author":"Armstrong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intl J Sport Nutr Exercise Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0253","article-title":"Total body water and its compartments are not affected by ingesting a moderate dose of caffeine in healthy young adult males","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Physiol, Nutr, Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00932-3","article-title":"The influence of coffee consumption on bioelectrical impedance parameters: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial","volume":"76","author":"Mota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clinl Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-018-0211-5","article-title":"Influence of acute consumption of caffeine vs. placebo over Bia-derived measurements of body composition: a randomized, double-blind, crossover design","volume":"15","author":"Williamson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int Society Sports Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"British J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210275","article-title":"Time course of tolerance to the performance benefits of caffeine","volume":"14","author":"Lara","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315208","article-title":"Effects of caffeine with repeated dosing","volume":"40","author":"Denaro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072101","article-title":"Caffeine Supplementation for 4 Days Does Not Induce Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effects Promoted by Acute Intake on Physiological, Metabolic, and Performance Parameters of Cyclists: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"12","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20179","article-title":"Caffeine ingestion and lower urinary tract symptoms in healthy volunteers","volume":"24","author":"Bird","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics: Official Journal of the International Continence Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0257-8","article-title":"Exercise and Sport Performance with Low Doses of Caffeine","volume":"44","author":"Spriet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-7-5","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance","volume":"7","author":"Goldstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int Society Sports Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198600140-00014","article-title":"Applicability of body composition techniques and constants for children and youths","volume":"14","author":"Lohman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051620","article-title":"Assessment of body composition in athletes: A narrative review of available methods with special reference to quantitative and qualitative bioimpedance analysis","volume":"13","author":"Campa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.3.397S","article-title":"Biological indexes considered in the derivation of the bioelectrical impedance analysis","volume":"64","author":"Lukaski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0355-z","article-title":"Lack of agreement of in vivo raw bioimpedance measurements obtained from two single and multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance devices","volume":"73","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib28","first-page":"427","article-title":"Qualitative human body composition analysis assessed with bioelectrical impedance","volume":"22","author":"Talluri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Collegium Antropologicum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.5.E1005","article-title":"New equations for estimating body cell mass from bioimpedance parallel models in healthy older Germans","volume":"281","author":"Dittmar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17072.x","article-title":"Body cell mass and limits of hydration of the fat-free body: Their relation to estimated skeletal weight","volume":"110","author":"Moore","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann New York Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20078","article-title":"Validation of different bioimpedance analyzers for predicting cell mass against whole-body counting of potassium (40K) as a reference method","volume":"16","author":"Dittmar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Human Biol: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E123","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00227.2003","article-title":"Body cell mass: model development and validation at the cellular level of body composition","volume":"286","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib33","series-title":"2009 Annual International Conference of the","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Capacitive on-line hematocrit sensor design based on impedance spectroscopy for use in hemodialysis machines","author":"Trebbels","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371839","article-title":"Increases in intracellular water explain strength and power improvements over a season","volume":"35","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181fb3dfb","article-title":"Relationship between changes in total-body water and fluid distribution with maximal forearm strength in elite judo athletes","volume":"25","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Strength & Conditioning Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255115","article-title":"Body composition and power changes in elite judo athletes","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14033","article-title":"Generalized bioelectric impedance-based equations underestimate body fluids in athletes","volume":"31","author":"Coratella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scandin J Med Sci in Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14355","article-title":"Athletes with different habitual fluid intakes differ in hydration status but not in body water compartments","author":"Francisco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scandin J Med Sci in Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.03.013","article-title":"Estimation of total body water and extracellular water with bioimpedance in athletes: A need for athlete-specific prediction models","volume":"35","author":"Matias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinl Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030759","article-title":"The predictive role of raw bioelectrical impedance parameters in water compartments and fluid distribution assessed by dilution techniques in athletes","volume":"17","author":"Francisco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1668481","article-title":"Usefulness of raw bioelectrical impedance parameters in tracking fluid shifts in judo athletes","volume":"20","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib42","article-title":"ICF (Model 4200), Bio-impedance spectrum analyzer, For measuring intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes","author":"XITRON","year":"2007","journal-title":"Operating manual XITRON Technologies Inc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib43","first-page":"330","article-title":"Assessment of adult malnutrition and prognosis with bioelectrical impedance analysis: phase angle and impedance ratio","volume":"20","author":"Lukaski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clinl Nutr & Metabol Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.02.016","article-title":"Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in the evaluation of body composition in athletes","volume":"39","author":"Marini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/19\/2\/011","article-title":"Sources of error in bioimpedance spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Bolton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/11\/115802","article-title":"Experimental validation of a method for removing the capacitive leakage artifact from electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy measurements","volume":"21","author":"Buendia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Measurement Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199204000-00004","article-title":"Biotransformation of caffeine, paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline by cDNA-expressed human CYP1A2 and CYP2E1","volume":"2","author":"Gu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics and Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200208000-00008","article-title":"The interindividual differences in the 3-demthylation of caffeine alias CYP1A2 is determined by both genetic and environmental factors","volume":"12","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics and Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12250","article-title":"Fluid intake from beverages across age groups: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"\u00d6zen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0944-8","article-title":"Water intake: validity of population assessment and recommendations","volume":"54","author":"Gandy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F394","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00295.2003","article-title":"Water turnover in 458 American adults 40-79 yr of age","volume":"286","author":"Raman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.08.027","article-title":"Validation of Total Water Intake from the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Recall, 4-d Food Records, and a Food Frequency Questionnaire Using Doubly Labeled Water","volume":"153","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.253377","article-title":"Validation Testing Demonstrates Efficacy of a 7-Day Fluid Record to Estimate Daily Water Intake in Adult Men and Women When Compared with Total Body Water Turnover Measurement","volume":"147","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Clinical Nutrition ESPEN"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405457725028918?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405457725028918?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:47:11Z","timestamp":1767401231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405457725028918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S2405457725028918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-4577"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2405-4577"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Four days of a moderate dose of caffeine does not alter raw bioelectrical impedance analysis parameters in healthy males","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Nutrition ESPEN","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.08.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}