{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T09:21:17Z","timestamp":1775121677190,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/MPG\/0147\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MPG\/0147\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Combustion and Flame"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T11:17:06Z","timestamp":1771499826000},"page":"114867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effect of crossflow perturbations on streaks in laminar boundary layer flames"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"287","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6466-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco C.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3218-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.M.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.F.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1071\/WF11117","article-title":"On the need for a theory of wildland fire spread","volume":"22","author":"Finney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2004.05.001","article-title":"Modeling the propagation of a wildfire through a mediterranean shrub using a multiphase formulation","volume":"138","author":"Morvan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2022.112004","article-title":"Flame attachment and downstream heating effect of inclined line fires","volume":"240","author":"Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2514\/1.44103","article-title":"Non-darcian behavior of pyrolysis gas in a thermal protection system","volume":"24","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b5","series-title":"Theoretical and Numerical Combustion","author":"Poinsot","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1134\/S0010508215020033","article-title":"Near-wall flows of chemical reactants: A review of the current status of the problem","volume":"51","author":"Lukashov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Combust. Explos. Shock. Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CESW.0000013663.27112.ab","article-title":"Flow structure and heat and mass transfer in boundary layers with injection of chemically reacting substances","volume":"40","author":"Volchkov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Combust. Explos. Shock. Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b8","series-title":"Symposium (International) on Combustion","first-page":"217","article-title":"Laminar flame spread over PMMA surfaces","volume":"vol. 15","author":"Fernandez-Pello","year":"1975"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2015.01.019","article-title":"A methodology for estimation of local heat fluxes in steady laminar boundary layer diffusion flames","volume":"162","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9833","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504498112","article-title":"Role of buoyant flame dynamics in wildfire spread","volume":"112","author":"Finney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b11","series-title":"IUTAM Symposium on Turbulent\/Non-Turbulent Interface in Turbulent Shear Flows","first-page":"141","article-title":"Baroclinic vorticity generation near the turbulent\/non-turbulent interface of a boundary layer with combustion","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10494-016-9716-7","article-title":"DNS analysis of wall heat transfer and combustion regimes in a turbulent non-premixed wall-jet flame","volume":"97","author":"Pouransari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Flow, Turbul. Combust."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(93)90056-9","article-title":"Direct simulation and modeling of flame-wall interaction for premixed turbulent combustion","volume":"95","author":"Poinsot","year":"1993","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106775","article-title":"LES analysis on the effects of baroclinic generation of vorticity on fire-wind enhancement","volume":"162","author":"Eftekharian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.08.040","article-title":"Mechanism of buoyant turbulent diffusion flames","volume":"62","author":"de Ris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3801\/IAFSS.FSS.2-129","article-title":"Fire induced flow field-theory and experiment","volume":"2","author":"Baum","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fire Saf. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7177(96)00148-3","article-title":"The baroclinic effect in combustion","volume":"24","author":"Batley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Modelling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112010001278","article-title":"Turbulent flame\u2013wall interaction: a direct numerical simulation study","volume":"658","author":"Gruber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112010001278","article-title":"Turbulent flame\u2013wall interaction: a direct numerical simulation study","volume":"658","author":"Gruber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2020.11.006","article-title":"Combustion dynamics of large-scale wildfires","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3390\/fire8040140","article-title":"LES of fire plumes subjected to crosswind: The influence of wind profile and terrain slope on the formation of vertical structures","volume":"8","author":"Barata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fire"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1987)026<1624:TTOHVO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Three types of horizontal vortices observed in wildland mass and crown fires","volume":"26","author":"Haines","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2019.03.010","article-title":"On the influence of circulation on fire whirl height","volume":"106","author":"Parente","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-122316-045209","article-title":"Fire whirls","volume":"50","author":"Tohidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2014.05.040","article-title":"Estimation of local mass burning rates for steady laminar boundary layer diffusion flames","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b26","series-title":"9th US National Combustion Meeting","article-title":"An investigation of wildfire dynamics via fixed inclinable burners","author":"Miller","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b27","article-title":"Studying wildland fire spread using stationary fires","author":"Gorham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. For. Fire Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2019.09.017","article-title":"Wildfires front dynamics: 3D structures and intensity at small and large scales","volume":"211","author":"Frangieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b29","article-title":"A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels","volume":"vol. 115","author":"Rothermel","year":"1972"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/00102208508960381","article-title":"A model for fire spread in wildland fuels by-radiation","volume":"42","author":"Albini","year":"1985","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"213","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1299\/jsme1958.26.399","article-title":"Thermal structure of a flat plate turbulent boundary layer diffusion flame","volume":"26","author":"Ueda","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. JSME"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.11.040","article-title":"Boundary layer instabilities in mixed convection and diffusion flames with an unheated starting length","volume":"118","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b33","series-title":"10th US National Combustion Meeting","article-title":"Investigating streak-like structures in boundary layer combustion via heated plates in crosswind","author":"Miller","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2021.111750","article-title":"Effect of freestream turbulence on the structure of boundary-layer flames","volume":"236","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11080796","article-title":"Identifying characteristics of wildfire towers and troughs","volume":"11","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2018.08.014","article-title":"Scaling nonreactive cross flow over a heated plate to simulate forest fires","volume":"197","author":"Gustenyov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3450506","article-title":"Experiments on the onset of longitudinal vortices in horizontal blasius flow heated from below","volume":"100","author":"Gilpin","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Heat Transf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3245040","article-title":"An experimental study of mixed, forced, and free convection heat transfer from a horizontal flat plate to air","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Heat Transf."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(84)90512-8","article-title":"Numerical simulation of turbulent mixing by Rayleigh-taylor instability","volume":"12","author":"Youngs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. D: Nonlinear Phenom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112004009681","article-title":"The mixing transition in Rayleigh\u2013taylor instability","volume":"511","author":"Cook","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112010002351","article-title":"Detailed measurements of a statistically steady Rayleigh\u2013taylor mixing layer from small to high atwood numbers","volume":"659","author":"Banerjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112004008286","article-title":"Rayleigh\u2013Taylor turbulence: self-similar analysis and direct numerical simulations","volume":"507","author":"Ristorcelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0049867","article-title":"Direct numerical simulations of incompressible Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instabilities at low and medium atwood numbers","volume":"33","author":"Hamzehloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0091109","article-title":"Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability triggered by acoustic excitation","volume":"34","author":"Sengupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2017.03.007","article-title":"An investigation of coherent structures in laminar boundary layer flames","volume":"181","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b46","article-title":"JANAF thermochemical tables","author":"Chase Jr.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2016.05.028","article-title":"Effect of unsteady stretching on the flame local dynamics","volume":"175","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1063\/1.168744","article-title":"A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques","volume":"12","author":"Weller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b49","series-title":"Numerical Prediction of Flow, Heat Transfer, Turbulence and Combustion","first-page":"54","article-title":"A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows","author":"Patankar","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(86)90099-9","article-title":"Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting","volume":"62","author":"Issa","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b51","series-title":"Cantera: An object-oriented software toolkit for chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport processes","author":"Goodwin","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A23","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.444","article-title":"On the effect of free-stream turbulence on boundary-layer transition","volume":"899","author":"Fransson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b53","series-title":"Fluid Dynamics of Boundary Layer Combustion","author":"Miller","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2015.599","article-title":"The effects of forced small-wavelength, finite-bandwidth initial perturbations and miscibility on the turbulent Rayleigh\u2013Taylor instability","volume":"787","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.86.046405","article-title":"Late-time quadratic growth in single-mode Rayleigh-Taylor instability","volume":"86","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E\u2014Statistical, Nonlinear, Soft Matter Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3549931","article-title":"Study of ultrahigh atwood-number Rayleigh\u2013Taylor mixing dynamics using the nonlinear large-eddy simulation method","volume":"23","author":"Burton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"}],"container-title":["Combustion and Flame"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010218026001033?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010218026001033?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T08:18:11Z","timestamp":1775117891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010218026001033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0010218026001033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-2180","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effect of crossflow perturbations on streaks in laminar boundary layer flames","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Combustion and Flame","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.combustflame.2026.114867","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114867"}}