{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T05:46:42Z","timestamp":1776577602027,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Construction and Building Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T17:45:42Z","timestamp":1776188742000},"page":"146341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A comparative analysis of 3D-printed concrete incorporating fibers and fiber grids: Mechanical properties and microstructure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"524","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiuyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhenming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yushuang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gengchen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104156","article-title":"Sustainable materials for 3D concrete printing","volume":"122","author":"Bhattacherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.06.001","article-title":"Vision of 3D printing with concrete \u2014 Technical, economic and environmental potentials","volume":"112","author":"De Schutter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.137636","article-title":"Spray-based 3D printed foam concrete: Cooperative optimization for lightweight and high-strength performance","volume":"444","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2019.04.007","article-title":"Effect of printing parameters in 3D concrete printing: Printing region and support structures","volume":"271","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2022.06.068","article-title":"A review of largescale 3DCP: Material characteristics, mix design, printing process, and reinforcement strategies","volume":"43","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: a roadmap for research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104457","article-title":"Interfacial bonding properties of 3D printed permanent formwork with the post-casted concrete","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106774","article-title":"Technology readiness: a global snapshot of 3D concrete printing and the frontiers for development","volume":"156","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib9","article-title":"FloatArch: A cable-supported, unreinforced, and re-assemblable 3D-printed concrete structure designed using multi-material topology optimization","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.134905","article-title":"Eco-friendly 3D printed concrete with fine aggregate replacements: Fabrication, characterization and machine learning prediction","volume":"413","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123077","article-title":"Flexural properties of 3D printed fibre-reinforced concrete with recycled sand","volume":"288","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib12","article-title":"Tensile behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) grid","volume":"91","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104392","article-title":"Nail planting to enhance the interface bonding strength in 3D printed concrete","volume":"141","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102992","article-title":"Mesh reinforcing method for 3D Concrete Printing","volume":"109","author":"Marchment","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106535","article-title":"Interlayer reinforcement of 3D printed concrete by the in-process deposition of U-nails","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05015","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/202236405015","article-title":"A textile reinforcement method for 3D printed concrete","volume":"364","author":"Janse Van Rensburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib17","article-title":"Feasibility of glass\/basalt fiber reinforced seawater coral sand mortar for 3D printing","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2023.1289340","article-title":"An overview of recent advancements in fibre-reinforced 3D printing concrete","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib19","article-title":"PVA fibre reinforced high-strength cementitious composite for 3D printing: Mechanical properties and durability","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106384","article-title":"Fiber orientation effects on ultra-high performance concrete formed by 3D printing","volume":"143","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.08.011","article-title":"Portland cement paste with aligned carbon fibers exhibiting exceptionally high flexural strength (> 100 MPa)","volume":"89","author":"Hambach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.123","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material","volume":"209","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.001","article-title":"Properties of 3D-printed fiber-reinforced Portland cement paste","volume":"79","author":"Hambach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132750","article-title":"Comparison of printability and mechanical properties of rigid and flexible fiber-reinforced 3D printed cement-based materials","volume":"400","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.008","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of aligned fiber reinforced composite for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"202","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112808","article-title":"Anisotropic behavior in bending of 3D printed concrete reinforced with fibers","volume":"254","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106829","article-title":"Anomalous matrix and interlayer pore structure of 3D-printed fiber-reinforced cementitious composites","volume":"157","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103908","article-title":"Experimental study on mechanical property and microstructure of cement mortar reinforced with elaborately recycled GFRP fiber","volume":"117","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116783","article-title":"Influence of glass fibers on mechanical and durability performance of concrete with recycled aggregates","volume":"228","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.108639","article-title":"Fresh and anisotropic-mechanical properties of 3D printable ultra-high ductile concrete with crumb rubber","volume":"211","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124453","article-title":"Development of fibre reinforced engineered cementitious composite using polyvinyl alcohol fibre and activated carbon powder for 3D concrete printing","volume":"303","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.131381","article-title":"High toughness 3D printed white Portland cement-based materials with glass fiber textile","volume":"309","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2023.116578","article-title":"Behavior of 3D-printed HPC plates with FRP grid reinforcement under bending","volume":"294","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138108","article-title":"Mechanical properties and failure mechanism of 3D printing ultra-high performance concrete","volume":"447","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib35","article-title":"\"A comprehensive study on the valorization of recycled concrete aggregates in 3D-printable cementitious systems","volume":"77","author":"Demirba\u015f","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib36","article-title":"\"Waste-driven construction: A state-of-the-art review on the integration of waste in 3D printed concrete in recent researches for sustainable development","volume":"98","author":"Murali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib37","article-title":"\"Strength Characterisation of Fly Ash Blended 3D Printed Concrete Enhanced with Explainable Machine Learning","author":"Iqbal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.139179","article-title":"\"Enhancing mechanical properties of 3D printed cementitious composites utilizing hybrid recycled PP and PET fibers","volume":"455","author":"Nasr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib39","article-title":"A compendious review on lack-of-fusion in digital concrete fabrication","volume":"37","author":"Kruger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib40","unstructured":"GB\/T2419\u20142005. Test method for fluidity of cement mortar. Beijing (CN); 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib41","unstructured":"Test methods for basic mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete.T\/CCPA 33\u20142022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.232","article-title":"Effect of surface moisture on inter-layer strength of 3D printed concrete","volume":"172","author":"Sanjayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib43","article-title":"Influential factors on mechanical properties and microscopic characteristics of underwater 3D printing concrete","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.235","article-title":"Effects of layer-interface properties on mechanical performance of concrete elements produced by extrusion-based 3D-printing","volume":"205","author":"Nerella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106220","article-title":"Layer-interface properties in 3D printed concrete: Dual hierarchical structure and micromechanical characterization","volume":"138","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2021.110948","article-title":"Characterization of air-void systems in 3D printed cementitious materials using optical image scanning and X-ray computed tomography","volume":"173","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129763","article-title":"Enhancement of 3D printed cementitious composite by short fibers: A review","volume":"362","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2016-0154","article-title":"A review of 3D concrete printing systems and materials properties: current status and future research prospects","volume":"24","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."}],"container-title":["Construction and Building Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095006182601247X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S095006182601247X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T05:18:04Z","timestamp":1776575884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S095006182601247X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S095006182601247X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-0618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-0618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comparative analysis of 3D-printed concrete incorporating fibers and fiber grids: Mechanical properties and microstructure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Construction and Building Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.146341","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"146341"}}