{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:38:44Z","timestamp":1777300724825,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013099","name":"Scientific Research Fund of Liaoning Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017LNQN12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017LNQN12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202200050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202200050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004767","name":"University of Science and Technology Liaoning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Case Studies in Construction Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T16:24:04Z","timestamp":1771863844000},"page":"e05936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mechanical performance and life-cycle carbon reduction benefits of 3D-printed permanent-formwork columns filled with low-magnesia concrete"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shengxuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiren","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mingqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105533","article-title":"A review of the current progress and application of 3D printed concrete","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manufacturing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib2","first-page":"299","article-title":"3D Concrete printing in architecture. A research on the potential benefits of 3D concrete printing in architecture","volume":"2","author":"Marijnissen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Stud. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib3","article-title":"Nano-fly ash and clay for 3D-Printing concrete buildings: a fundamental study of rheological, mechanical and microstructural properties","volume":"92","author":"Taqa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.06.013","article-title":"3D printing concrete on temporary surfaces: The design and fabrication of a concrete shell structure","volume":"94","author":"Costanzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib5","article-title":"Toolpath-based design for 3D concrete printing of carbon-efficient architectural structures","volume":"56","author":"Breseghello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106774","article-title":"Technology readiness: a global snapshot of 3D concrete printing and the frontiers for development","volume":"156","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib7","article-title":"Toward automated construction: the design-to-printing workflow for a robotic in-situ 3D printed house","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib8","article-title":"Optimization of 3D printing concrete with coarse aggregate via proper mix design and printing process","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib9","article-title":"Compressive performance of PVA fiber-reinforced 3D concrete printing permanent formwork composite columns reinforced with BFRP bars","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib10","article-title":"Effects of 3D-printed concrete permanent formwork on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams: experimental and analytical investigations","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib11","article-title":"Numerical investigation on shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beam with 3D printed concrete permanent formwork","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2025.120176","article-title":"Seismic performance of 3D printed reinforced concrete walls: experimental study and numerical simulation","volume":"333","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.008","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of aligned fiber reinforced composite for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"202","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062534","article-title":"Investigation of the internal structure of hardened 3D-printed concrete by X-CT scanning and its influence on the mechanical performance","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib15","article-title":"Study on printability of 3D printing carbon fiber reinforced eco-friendly concrete: characterized by fluidity and consistency","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib16","article-title":"Study on the compression performance of 3D printing concrete permanent formwork composite columns","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104039","article-title":"3D concrete printing of permanent formwork for concrete column construction","volume":"121","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib18","article-title":"3D Printed concrete with coarse aggregates: Built-in-Stirrup permanent concrete formwork for reinforced columns","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib19","article-title":"Deformation ability of precast concrete columns reinforced with steel-FRP composite bars (SFCBs) based on the DIC method","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-015-0054-9","article-title":"Effects of various shape functions and subset size in local deformation measurements using DIC","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib21","article-title":"Damage assessment of precast reinforced concrete beam-column connections using AE technology","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9399(1999)125:8(899)","article-title":"Acoustic emission monitoring of hybrid FRP-concrete columns","volume":"125","author":"Mirmiran","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib23","series-title":"Standard for Test Methods of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete[S]","author":"GB\/T 50081-2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib24","series-title":"Test Methods for Basic Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete[S]","author":"]T\/CCPA 33\u20142022 (T\/CBMF 183)","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib25","series-title":"General Code for Composite Structures","author":"GB 55004-2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib26","series-title":"Non-destructive Testing \u2013 Acoustic Emission Testing \u2013 Test Method for Acoustic Emission Signals of Concrete[S]","author":"GB\/T 42871-2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.049","article-title":"A review of X-ray computed tomography of concrete and asphalt construction materials","volume":"199","author":"du Plessis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2013.794370","article-title":"An improved image processing technique for asphalt concrete X-ray CT images","volume":"14","author":"Zelelew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Road. Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125740","article-title":"Establishing a 3D aggregates database from X-ray CT scans of bulk concrete","volume":"315","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106868","article-title":"Hardened properties of 3D printed concrete with recycled coarse aggregate","volume":"159","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2025.106246","article-title":"Multi-scale characterization of the 3D printed concrete strength considering the full grade pore structure","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18143379","article-title":"Study on mechanical properties of composite basalt fiber 3D-printed concrete based on 3D meso-structure","volume":"18","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib33","article-title":"Probabilistic assessment of axial load-carrying capacity of FRCM-strengthened concrete columns using artificial neural network and Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"17","author":"Irandegani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2022.110476","article-title":"A Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the effective concrete materials for fast neutron shielding","volume":"202","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib35","article-title":"Study on mechanical properties and environmental benefits of 3D printed lean magnesium ore concrete filled columns based on three-dimensional meso-structure","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125690","article-title":"Effects of aggregate and interface characteristics on chloride diffusion in concrete based on 3D random aggregate model","volume":"314","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118559","article-title":"Effect of fine aggregate size on the overlapping of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in mortars","volume":"248","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1177\/10567895241292763","article-title":"Size effect modellings of axial compressive failure of RC columns at low temperatures","volume":"34","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Damage Mech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib39","first-page":"194","article-title":"Numerical simulation analysis on compressive performance of composite columns with 3D printed concrete permanent formwork","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Civ. Environ. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0294096","article-title":"A computational study on the hydrodynamics of real-time pitch manipulation in dolphins during self-propulsion: the promoting effect of caudal fin under offset sinusoidal waveform","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.115808","article-title":"Numerical investigation on self-propelled hydrodynamics of squid-like multiple tentacles with synergistic expansion","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.121854","article-title":"Numerical study on hydrodynamic effects of intermittent or sinusoidal coordination of pectoral fins to achieve spontaneous nose-up pitching behavior in dolphins","volume":"337","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.142894","article-title":"Macro-mechanical properties and freeze thaw evaluation of innovative nano-silica modified concrete reinforced by recycled carpet fibers","volume":"492","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib44","article-title":"Freeze-thaw behavior and damage prediction of mixed recycled coarse aggregate concrete","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib45","article-title":"Study on the compression performance of 3D printing concrete permanent formwork composite columns","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib46","article-title":"Compressive performance of PVA fiber-reinforced 3D concrete printing permanent formwork composite columns reinforced with BFRP bars","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings10120245","article-title":"3D concrete printing sustainability: a comparative life cycle assessment of four construction method scenarios","volume":"10","author":"Mohammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0521(08)60061-3","article-title":"Research and development of Chinese LCA database and LCA software","volume":"25","author":"Xianzheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rare Met."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib49","unstructured":"JiuJun Green Building Management Technology (Jiaxing) Co., Ltd. Method and system for carbon emission accounting of reusable (turnover) materials during the building construction stage: CN202210851908.8[P]. 2022-09-23."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib50","series-title":"Technical guidelines for evaluating green and low-carbon cultural and tourism activities (TACEF 202\u20142025)[S]","author":"All-China Environment Federation (ACEF)","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib51","series-title":"Research of building energy system carbon emissionsaccounting base on LCA","article-title":"D","author":"REN","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib52","first-page":"470","volume":"814","author":"Li","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/recycling6030060","article-title":"Cost analysis of various factors for geopolymer 3D printing of construction products in factories and on construction sites","volume":"6","author":"Munir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Recycling"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-022-02343-9","article-title":"Porous 3D printed concrete beams show an environmental promise: a cradle-to-grave comparative life cycle assessment","volume":"24","author":"Gislason","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. Technol. Environ. Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-022-02111-3","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of a concrete 3D printing process","volume":"28","author":"Roux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worrell E., Galitsky C., Price L. Energy efficiency improvement and cost saving opportunities for cement making. LBNL-54036-Revision. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, March, 2008.","DOI":"10.2172\/927882"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib57","first-page":"797","article-title":"Economic Viability of 3D Concrete Printing: A Comparative Study with Traditional Construction Method[C]\/\/ISARC","volume":"42","author":"Raza","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121245","article-title":"Comparative economic, environmental and productivity assessment of a concrete bathroom unit fabricated through 3D printing and a precast approach","volume":"261","author":"Weng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Case Studies in Construction Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214509526001841?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214509526001841?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:43:13Z","timestamp":1777297393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214509526001841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S2214509526001841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-5095"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-5095","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mechanical performance and life-cycle carbon reduction benefits of 3D-printed permanent-formwork columns filled with low-magnesia concrete","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Case Studies in Construction Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2026.e05936","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"e05936"}}