{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T06:01:02Z","timestamp":1772949662496,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["342628\/L10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["342628\/L10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T17:10:41Z","timestamp":1755623441000},"page":"102697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Stratification and mixing dynamics of hypersaline Lake Urmia (Iran)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8915-8095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peygham","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2121-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jafar","family":"Azizpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Yakushev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid A.K.","family":"Lahijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9465","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-023-04981-y","article-title":"Analysis of Iran\u2019s biosphere reserves based on representative criteria and proposal of new options","volume":"20","author":"Alborzi Manesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b2","series-title":"Lake Urmia: A Hypersaline Waterbody in a Drying Climate","first-page":"203","article-title":"Comparative study of the major ion composition in eurasian salt lakes: Lake Urmia, Lake Issyk-Kul, Aral Sea, and Dead Sea","author":"Andrulionis","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.7.1621","article-title":"Seasonal evolution of the basin-scale internal wave field in a large stratified lake","volume":"45","author":"Antenucci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10285","article-title":"Thermohaline stratification and double diffusion diapycnal fluxes in the hypersaline Dead Sea","volume":"61","author":"Arnon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7190","article-title":"The impact of one-decade ecological disturbance on genetic changes: a study on the brine shrimp Artemia Urmiana from Urmia Lake, Iran","volume":"7","author":"Asem","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b6","series-title":"Lake Urmia: A Hypersaline Waterbody in a Drying Climate","first-page":"187","article-title":"Global and regional signals in the water level variation in Hypersaline Basin of the Lake Urmia","author":"Azizpour","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b7","series-title":"Great Salt Lake Biology: A Terminal Lake in a Time of Change","first-page":"23","article-title":"Climate change and great Salt Lake","author":"Baxter","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3200\/ENVT.51.5.8-21","article-title":"The great salt lake America\u2019s Aral sea?","volume":"51","author":"Bedford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ.: Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08634-2","article-title":"Estimation of evaporation from saline water","volume":"192","author":"Biazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b10","article-title":"Seasonality modulates wind-driven mixing pathways in a large lake","volume":"2","author":"Bieito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Earth & Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2006RG000210","article-title":"Stratification of lakes","volume":"46","author":"Boehrer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015242","article-title":"A subtidal box model based on the longitudinal anomaly of potential energy for narrow estuaries. An application to the Guadalquivir River Estuary (SW Spain)","volume":"125","author":"Cobos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Ocean."},{"issue":"1268","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b13","first-page":"51","article-title":"The specific heat of sea water","volume":"252","author":"Cox","year":"1959","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A. Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b14","unstructured":"Efremova, T., Palshin, N., 2007. Effect of climate and morphometry on thermal regime of lakes. In: 16 th Northern Research Basins International Symposium and Workshop. p. 36."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.06.027","article-title":"Artemia biodiversity in Asia with the focus on the phylogeography of the introduced American species Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906","volume":"79","author":"Eimanifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.23.010191.002323","article-title":"Turbulent mixing in stratified fluids","volume":"23","author":"Fernando","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00025579","article-title":"The annual cycle of heat content and mechanical stability of hypersaline Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica","volume":"165","author":"Ferris","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b18","article-title":"APHA, AEG; AWWA, ADE; WEF, LSC standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington DC; American Public Health Association, 1995. ATLAS, RM; BARTHA, r. Microbial ecology\u2013fundamentals and applications. New York: Addison wesey longman in","volume":"42","author":"Geypens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Francihele Cardoso M\u00fcller"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b19","volume":"vol. 123","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b20","series-title":"Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics","author":"Gill","year":"1982"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(89)71479-9","article-title":"Influence of lake surface area and depth upon thermal stratification and the depth of the summer thermocline","volume":"15","author":"Gorham","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gt. Lakes Res."},{"issue":"C5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1029\/JC092iC05p05249","article-title":"Diapycnal mixing in the thermocline: A review","volume":"92","author":"Gregg","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Ocean."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022WR032522","article-title":"Classifying mixing regimes in ponds and shallow lakes","volume":"58","author":"Holgerson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b24","article-title":"Radiative penetration dominates the thermal regime and energetics of a shallow ice-covered lake in an arid climate","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryosphere Discuss."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1972)002<0456:DDCAII>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Double-diffusive convection and its implications for the temperature and salinity structure of the ocean and Lake Vanda","volume":"2","author":"Huppert","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112081001614","article-title":"Double-diffusive convection","volume":"106","author":"Huppert","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.14.010182.001101","article-title":"Dynamics of lakes, reservoirs, and cooling ponds","volume":"14","author":"Imberger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b28","series-title":"Transport Models for Inland and Coastal Waters","first-page":"310","article-title":"A dynamic reservoir simulation model \u2013 DYRESM: 5","author":"Imberger","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2156(08)70199-6","article-title":"Physical limnology","volume":"27","author":"Imberger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b30","volume":"vol. 27","author":"Imberger","year":"1990"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab0391","article-title":"Dissolved methane in the residual basins of the Aral Sea","volume":"14","author":"Izhitskaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac2d66","article-title":"The world\u2019s largest heliothermal lake newly formed in the Aral Sea basin","volume":"16","author":"Izhitskiy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1993.38.5.1008","article-title":"Meromixis in hypersaline Mono Lake, California. 1. Stratification and vertical mixing during the onset, persistence, and breakdown of meromixis","volume":"38","author":"Jellison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2478\/johh-2014-0004","article-title":"On the internal boundary layer related wind stress curl and its role in generating shallow lake circulations","volume":"62","author":"J\u00f3zsa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Hydromechanics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-24-1691-2020","article-title":"Turbulence in the stratified boundary layer under ice: observations from Lake Baikal and a new similarity model","volume":"24","author":"Kirillin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b36","series-title":"Lake Urmia: A Hypersaline Waterbody in a Drying Climate","first-page":"267","article-title":"Salt load impact on lake Urmia basin volume","author":"Lahijani","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2023.104428","article-title":"Caspian sea level changes during instrumental period, its impact and forecast: A review","volume":"241","author":"Lahijani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1029\/95WR01950","article-title":"The Great Salt Lake: A barometer of low-frequency climatic variability","volume":"31","author":"Lall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1139\/f83-207","article-title":"A revised classification of lakes based on mixing","volume":"40","author":"Lewis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025027","article-title":"Evaporation and surface energy budget over the largest high-altitude saline lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2020.102185","article-title":"Estimation of ocean thermal energy potential in the Aguni Basin","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1206006","article-title":"A numerical study of the mixing and stratification alterations in estuaries due to climate change using the potential energy anomaly","volume":"10","author":"Lupiola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1999.44.3.0512","article-title":"Boundary mixing and nutrient fluxes in Mono Lake, California","volume":"44","author":"MacIntyre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2002.47.3.0656","article-title":"Spatial-temporal variability in surface layer deepening and lateral advection in an embayment of Lake Victoria, East Africa","volume":"47","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6253","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-6253-2017","article-title":"Response of water temperatures and stratification to changing climate in three lakes with different morphometry","volume":"21","author":"Magee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2010.21","article-title":"History of the equation of state of seawater","volume":"23","author":"Millero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(80)90016-3","article-title":"A new high pressure equation of state for seawater","volume":"27","author":"Millero","year":"1980","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part A. Ocean. Res. Pap."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/15210608209379435","article-title":"A new high pressure equation of state for seawater","volume":"5","author":"Millero","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1990.35.8.1676","article-title":"Convective motions in the sidearm of a small reservoir","volume":"35","author":"Monismith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b50","series-title":"Landsat science","author":"NASA","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b51","series-title":"Lake Urmia: A Hypersaline Waterbody in a Drying Climate","first-page":"297","article-title":"Modelling physical and chemical processes of the hypersaline lake Urmia: Water level decline and restoration by water conveyance","author":"N\u00f8st","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7390-x","article-title":"Trend analysis of hydroclimatological variables in Urmia lake basin using hybrid wavelet Mann\u2013Kendall and \u015een tests","volume":"77","author":"Nourani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b53","series-title":"Bringing the Ramsar Convention Home: A Critical Examination of the Legal Regulation of the Ecosystem of Lake Urmia","author":"Ostovar","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1996.41.2.0323","article-title":"Seiche-induced mixing: Its impact on lake productivity","volume":"41","author":"Ostrovsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b55","article-title":"CIESIN, center for international earth science information network at Columbia University","volume":"22","author":"Richards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ref. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.5194\/gi-11-359-2022","article-title":"Glider observations of thermohaline staircases in the tropical North Atlantic using an automated classifier","volume":"11","author":"Rollo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Instrum. Methods Data Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139857","article-title":"Analyzing the lake Urmia restoration progress using ground-based and spaceborne observations","volume":"739","author":"Saemian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.1984.tb00165.x","article-title":"Hypolimnetic phosphorus retrieval by diel vertical migrations of lake phytoplankton","volume":"14","author":"Salonen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Freshwater Biol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2009.030","article-title":"Impacts of projected climate change on the thermodynamics of a shallow and a deep lake in Finland: model simulations and Bayesian uncertainty analysis","volume":"40","author":"Saloranta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b60","series-title":"Sea & sun technology \u2013 oceanographic measuring systems","author":"Sea & Sun Technology GmbH","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b61","series-title":"Lake Urmia: A Hypersaline Waterbody in a Drying Climate","first-page":"41","article-title":"The vanishing of Urmia lake: a geolimnological perspective on the hydrological imbalance of the world\u2019s second largest hypersaline lake","author":"Sharifi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b62","series-title":"Lake Urmia: A Hypersaline Waterbody in a Drying Climate","first-page":"223","article-title":"Hydro-meteorological observations in hypersaline basin of lake Urmia","author":"Sherkatiazin","year":"2022"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b63","first-page":"53","article-title":"An equation of state for the Uremia lake water","volume":"8","author":"Siadatmousavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Persian Gulf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.131582","article-title":"Quantifying the massive depletion of heat storage capacity of Lake Urmia","volume":"638","author":"Sima","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1472","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b65","first-page":"531","article-title":"The shelf-sea fronts: implications of their existence and behaviour","volume":"302","author":"Simpson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, Math. Phys. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2001)031<1969:TEOMIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The efficiency of mixing in turbulent patches: Inferences from direct simulations and microstructure observations","volume":"31","author":"Smyth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO2739.1","article-title":"Differential diffusion in breaking Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz billows","volume":"35","author":"Smyth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b68","first-page":"93","article-title":"Heliothermal lakes","volume":"vol. 28","author":"Sonnenfeld","year":"1980"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0268302","article-title":"The three-dimensional state of stratified shear instability in cold water","volume":"37","author":"Stastna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2024.032","article-title":"Prediction of long-term changes of weak diurnal stratification in shallow lakes using artificial neural networks","volume":"15","author":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Water Clim. Chang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.03.056","article-title":"Cyclic heliothermal behaviour of the shallow, hypersaline Lake Hayward, Western Australia","volume":"560","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b72","series-title":"Background Papers and Supporting Data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978","author":"Unesco","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2023.1090124","article-title":"Annual patterns of stratification, mixing and ventilation in long, deep, seasonally ice-covered Fran\u00e7ois lake, British Columbia, Canada","volume":"11","author":"Vagle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b74","series-title":"Saline Lakes: Publications from the 7th International Conference on Salt Lakes, Held in Death Valley National Park, California, USA, September 1999","first-page":"133","article-title":"International study on Artemia LXIII. Field study of the Artemia Urmiana (G\u00fcnther, 1890) population in Lake Urmiah, Iran","author":"Van Stappen","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1982)012<0112:RTPVFT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Removing tidal-period variations from time-series data using low-pass digital filters","volume":"12","author":"Walters","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081774","article-title":"Thermal responses of the largest freshwater lake in the Tibetan Plateau and its nearby saline lake to climate change","volume":"14","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote. Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b77","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Wetzel","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027661","article-title":"Intralake heterogeneity of thermal responses to climate change: A study of large Northern Hemisphere lakes","volume":"123","author":"Woolway","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22657-4","article-title":"Phenological shifts in lake stratification under climate change","volume":"12","author":"Woolway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161220","article-title":"Small-scale hydrodynamics in lakes","volume":"35","author":"W\u00fcest","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b81","series-title":"Limnology, Climatology and Paleoclimatology of the East African Lakes","first-page":"183","article-title":"Combined effects of dissolved solids and temperature on the density stratification of Lake Malawi","author":"W\u00fcest","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo3052","article-title":"Decline of the world\u2019s saline lakes","volume":"10","author":"Wurtsbaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.3390\/w14193005","article-title":"Contrasting management and fates of two sister lakes: Great Salt Lake (USA) and lake Urmia (Iran)","volume":"14","author":"Wurtsbaugh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b84","series-title":"Lake Urmia: A Hypersaline Waterbody in a Drying Climate","first-page":"275","article-title":"How climate change and human interaction alter chemical regime in salt lakes, case study: Lake Urmia, Aral Sea, the Dead Sea, and Lake Issyk-Kul","author":"Yakushev","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b85","article-title":"A new lake classification system based on thermal profiles to better understand the most dominant lake type on earth","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Authorea Prepr."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.69","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into strategies of carbon conservation and unusual sulfur biogeochemistry in a hypersaline Antarctic lake","volume":"7","author":"Yau","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2016.02.001","article-title":"Geo-and biogeochemical processes in a heliothermal hypersaline lake","volume":"181","author":"Zachara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b88","article-title":"A review of wind-driven hydrodynamics in large shallow lakes: Importance, process-based modeling and perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Camb. Prism.: Water"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/w9030200","article-title":"Spatiotemporal distribution of eutrophication in lake Tai as affected by wind","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214581825005269?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214581825005269?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:03:01Z","timestamp":1772902981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214581825005269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["S2214581825005269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-5818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-5818","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Stratification and mixing dynamics of hypersaline Lake Urmia (Iran)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrh.2025.102697","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102697"}}